Organic Chemistry
3rd EditionDavid Klein
3,087 solutions
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
8th EditionDaniel C. Harris
921 solutions
Chemistry: The Central Science
14th EditionBruce Edward Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, H. Eugene Lemay, Matthew E. Stoltzfus, Patrick Woodward, Theodore E. Brown
7,741 solutions
Organic Chemistry
6th EditionJanice Gorzynski Smith
2,029 solutions
Recommended textbook solutionsAtkins Physical Chemistry
10th EditionJulio de Paula, Peter Atkins
1,315 solutions
Organic Chemistry
3rd EditionDavid Klein
3,087 solutions
Chemistry: The Central Science
14th EditionBruce Edward Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, H. Eugene Lemay, Matthew E. Stoltzfus, Patrick Woodward, Theodore E. Brown
7,741 solutions
Chemical Reaction Engineering
3rd EditionOctave Levenspiel
228 solutions
Upgrade to remove ads
Only A$47.99/year
- Science
- Chemistry
- Biological Chemistry
-
Flashcards
-
Learn
-
Test
-
Match
-
Flashcards
-
Learn
-
Test
-
Match
Terms in this set (63)
A solution with a pH of ______ has the lowest concentration of hydrogen ions.
12
Hydrogen ion concentration decreases as pH increases. As the pH moves closer to 14, the hydrogen ion concentration decreases.
A solution with pH = 5 is _______ than a solution with pH = 7.
100 times more acidic
The pH scale is logarithmic, which means that each step on the scale represents a 10-fold increase or decrease in hydrogen ion concentration. A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral, whereas a solution with a pH of 5 is 10 × 10 = 100 times more acidic in comparison.
Based on the carbon atom pictured in the image, how many valence electrons does carbon possess?
4
The valence electrons are found in the outermost shell of an atom. The shells of an atom fill in a characteristic manner, with the first shell filling with two electrons. Since carbon has six total electrons, the remaining four electrons will be placed in the outermost shell.
Based on the image shown, what can you conclude about water molecules?
Water molecules are held together by polar covalent bonds.
Water is a compound containing two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The oxygen-hydrogen bond is a polar covalent bond, since electrons are not equally shared between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, are
large organic molecules that play important biological functions in cells.
Biomolecules, or macromolecules, carry out many important functions in cells. Most organisms share a common set of monomers that are used to build biomolecules.
Carbon can form many different kinds of complex molecules because
one carbon atom can bond with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
A carbon atom has four valence electrons in its outer shell, which allows it to bond with up to four other atoms. This allows carbon to form chains and more complex, branched molecules.
H2O and CH4 are both examples of
molecules.
Atoms that form covalent bonds are called molecules. Water (H2O) and methane (CH4) are also called compounds because they contain two or more atoms found in a fixed ratio.
Hydrogen bonds are
weak chemical bonds that hold separate molecules together.
Hydrogen bonds form between molecules, such as between the hydrogen and oxygen ends of neighboring water molecules, to help stabilize a given volume of these molecules.
In Miller's experiment, he mixed four gases and exposed them to an electrical spark. The amino acids that formed were the ________ of the chemical reaction.
products
The molecules that form during a chemical reaction are the products. The reactants are the gases that underwent a chemical rearrangement.
In a covalent bond, atoms
Share electrons
Covalent bonds occur when two or more atoms share electrons. In ionic bonds, atoms gain or lose electrons.
In order to determine the atomic mass of an atom, one needs to know
the number of protons and neutrons.
When the number of protons and neutrons in an atom are added together, they provide the atomic mass of that atom.
Nitrogen has 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons. What is the atomic number of nitrogen?
7
The atomic number is the number of protons that an atom possesses. This value may be found on the periodic table and is unique to each element.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves well in water because it
has charges that allow it to interact with water.
Water is a polar molecule that interacts well with other substances with full and partial charges. In sodium chloride, the sodium ion has a full positive charge that interacts with the partial negative charges on oxygen atoms. The partially positively charged hydrogen atoms of the water molecule interact with the negative chloride ion.
The bio molecules that are responsible for transmitting and storing genetic information are
nucleic acids.
DNA and RNA store and pass on genetic information. These are examples of nucleic acids.
The elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
are composed of matter.
The chemical building blocks called elements are made of matter. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen cannot be compounds because they only consist of a single element.
The main difference between an acid and a base is that
acids donate hydrogen ions in water whereas bases accept hydrogen ions.
Acids donate hydrogen ions to lower the pH of a solution, whereas bases accept hydrogen ions to raise the pH.
An amino acid chain
ultimately folds into a three-dimensional shape.
Amino acids are monomers that link together to form a polymer, which is called a protein after it folds into its final three-dimensional shape.
Which of the following is an ion?
Na+
The positive sodium ion, Na+, is an ion. Any atom with a charge, positive or negative, is an ion.
Which of the following is correct about the properties of water at different temperatures?
Water molecules in ice are spaced farther apart from one another than water molecules in liquid.
Stable hydrogen bonds form between water molecules at cooler temperatures. Water molecules in ice are farther apart from one another than in liquid water, making liquid water denser than ice.
Which of the following is NOT a type of monomer?
DNA
DNA is a polymer made from nucleotide monomers. The remaining choices are monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Which of the following represents a polymer of amino acids?
Proteins
Polymers are made up of repeating units of monomers. Amino acids are the monomers used to make proteins.
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies
space
Element
a pure substance that has distinctive physical and chemical properties, and that
cannot be broken down
Atom
the smallest unit of an element that
retains its distinctive properties
Protons
positively charged
nuclear particles
Nucleus
made of closely
bound protons and neutrons
Neutrons
uncharged
(neutral) nuclear particles
Electrons
negatively
charged particles
surrounding the nucleus
Atomic number
number of protons in
an atom's nucleus (unique to each element)
Isotope
forms of atoms that have
differing numbers of neutrons
Atomic mass number
approximately how much an atom
weighs—the combined
number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
Covalent bond
formed when two atoms
share electrons
Molecule
atoms linked by covalent bonds
Organic molecule
any molecule that contains
at least one carbon-hydrogen
bond
Chemical compounds
molecules containing
atoms from two or more different elements
Chemical reaction
the process of breaking
existing chemical bonds and creating new
ones
Reactants
the beginning compounds that
undergo a change
during a chemical reaction
Products
the compounds made as a result of a chemical reaction
Polar molecules
When electrons are unequally shared between
atoms, partial electrical charges result within a
molecule.
covalent bond
formed when two
atoms
share electrons
Ionic bond
formed when the charges of
positive and negative ions hold the atoms
together
Hydrogen bond
a weak electrical attraction
between a partially positive hydrogen atom
and a partially negative end of a polar
molecule
Solution
a combination of a solute and a solvent
Solute
the dissolved substance (particles)
Solvent
the fluid into which the solute
dissolves
Hydrophilic
- "Water-loving"
- A substance that
dissolves in
water
Hydrophobic:
- "Water-fearing"
- A substance that does
NOT dissolve in water
Evaporation
the transition from the liquid to the gas
state
- Requires heat
Condensation
the opposite reaction of evaporation
- Requires cooling
- Molecules
slowly re-form hydrogen bonds and return to
the liquid state.
Acids
donate hydrogen ions to their
surroundings
Bases
Accepts hydrogen ion from their surroundings.
pH Scale
A HIGH concentration of free hydrogen ions
corresponds to a low
pH. Thus, vinegar has a higher concentration of free hydrogen ions than milk.
Biomolecules
the four main types are proteins,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids.
- All are critical for living cells.
- All are built on a framework of covalently bonded carbon atoms.
Polymers
long strands of repeating units of
small molecules called monomers
- Proteins, Carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are polymers.
- Lipids are not polymers because their structure is not
composed of a chain of monomers.
Proteins
polymers of the 20 amino acid monomers
- Are the most
numerous and versatile of the
four bio molecules
- Vary in size and shape and, therefore, function
• Structure
• Enzymatic
• Storage
•
Membrane transport
• Antibodies
• Toxins
Carbohydrates
the next-most-versatile biomolecules
- Are simple monomer sugars and polymers of simple sugars
• Monomers = monosaccharides
• Two-monomer sugars = disaccharides
• Complex carbohydrates = thousands of monosaccharides
- Vary in size and shape and, therefore, function
• Short-term energy storage
• Cell's direct fuel to make ATP
•
Structural support
- Cellulose or fiber
- Chitin
- Peptidoglycan
Nucleic acids
the third and most crucial category of polymers
- Two types form the basis of life itself, DNA and RNA.
DNA
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotide
monomers.
DNA provides living organisms with long-term,
stable genetic
information storage in a form that is easily copied and passed on to
future generations.
RNA
(Ribonucleic acid) is a polymer of pribonucleotide
monomers
RNA comes in many forms and plays many roles, but its most
important job is providing a readable genetic language that
enables genes to be expressed as proteins.
Lipids
fourth category of biomolecules, better known as fats, oils, and steroids
- Diverse group made up of combinations of hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and/or glycerol molecules
- Are not polymers because their structure is not composed of a chain of monomers
- Vary in size, shape, and molecular components and, therefore, function
Triglycerides
composed of three fatty acid molecules
linked to a glycerol
molecule
• Provide long-term energy storage in both plants (as oils) and animals (as
fats) and serve as insulation against the cold in animals
Phospholipids
composed of a phosphate group, glycerol, and two fatty acids
• Have a hydrophilic (polar) head and a hydrophobic (nonpolar) tail
• Are the main component of all cellular membranes
Steroids
composed of hydrocarbon rings and fatty acids
• Are hormones and cholesterol
Biology BSC 1005 SSC Ch. 4-5
141 terms
Danny_Fonseca9
Bio
128 terms
mrfleenor
Chapter 3: Chemistry of Life: Ingredients for Life
20 terms
wantakey
Ch 6 Bio Quiz
22 terms
Ethan_Arispe5
Sets found in the same folderChapter 5 (Bio 5)
48 terms
garcia_andrea123
Chapter 1 (Bio 5)
40 terms
garcia_andrea123
Chapter 8: Chromosomes and Human Genetic…
66 terms
garcia_andrea123
Ch 6 Bio Quiz
22 terms
Ethan_Arispe5
Other sets by this creatorGRE Words - Letter E
36 terms
garcia_andrea123
GRE Words - Letter D
36 terms
garcia_andrea123
GRE Words - Letter C
33 terms
garcia_andrea123
GRE Words - Letter B
13 terms
garcia_andrea123
Verified questions
health
The diameter of a proton is estimated to be around $10^{-15}$ of a meter. Express this in decimal notation.
Verified answer
anatomy
Linear, analytical, and verbal thinking occurs in the hemisphere of the ________ cerebrum, which is on the left in most people.
Verified answer
chemistry
Potassium hydrogen phthalate, known as KHP (molar mass = 204.22 g/mol), can be obtained in high purity and is used to determine the concentration of solutions of strong bases by the reaction $$ \mathrm { HP } ^ { - } ( a q ) + \mathrm { OH } ( a q ) \longrightarrow \mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O } ( l ) + \mathrm { P } ^ { 2 - } ( a q ) $$ If a typical titration experiment begins with approximately 0.5 g of KHP and has a final volume of about 100 mL, what is an appropriate indicator to use? The $\mathrm { p } K _ { \mathrm { a } } \text { for } \mathrm { HP } ^ { - } \text { is } 5.51.$
Verified answer
chemistry
Contrast the theory of how our moon formed with how the satellites of gas giants may have formed.
Verified answer
Recommended textbook solutionsChemical Reaction Engineering
3rd EditionOctave Levenspiel
228 solutions
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
8th EditionDaniel C. Harris
921 solutions
Organic Chemistry
6th EditionJanice Gorzynski Smith
2,029 solutions
Organic Chemistry
3rd EditionDavid Klein
3,087 solutions
Other Quizlet setsQuiz 2
15 terms
Javian_0717
Bio 101 chapter 3
15 terms
jacobsnyder03
physio ch 2
51 terms
jennifer_Perez7
Ch 2.3,24 Bio
28 terms
natnat0601