What attracts the red deer in Call of the Wild?

Red Deer caller not working in Hirschfelden?

Not sure if it's just me, but the caller seem to be working with the Red Deer on other reserves, but not in this one. Roe Deer caller in this same reserve works 100%. But even unaware Red Deer doing Mating Calls don't respond at all to the caller. Another bug on top of them all, unless I'm missing something.

If anyone else can test it, and report back, that would be appreciated.

Last edited by Nicko; 24 May, 2020 @ 5:44pm

Originally posted by Mr. Ed:

All callers have an attraction value (that's your odds of the animal responding to the call). Under the picture of the caller it shows what the attraction value is. Could be 40% or 60%. That means you only have a 40 or 60 per cent chance of an animal responding to your call. It the animal is actively feeding, drinking, resting or has a "hard" or "very hard" degree of difficulty your odds of them responding to your call go down.

Date Posted: 24 May, 2020 @ 5:43pm

Posts: 7

Red deer Temporal range: Early Middle Pleistocene to Recent 0.8–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Male (stag) Two males roaring, UK
Female (hind) Glen Garry, Highland, Scotland
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Cervidae
Subfamily:	Cervinae
Genus:	Cervus
Species:	C. elaphus
Binomial name
Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758
Subspecies
C. e. atlanticus C. e. barbarus C. e. brauneri C. e. corsicanus C. e. elaphus C. e. hibernicus C. e. hippelaphus C. e. hispanicus C. e. italicus C. e. maral C. e. pannoniensis C. e. scoticus C. e. songaricus
Range of the red deer (Cervus elaphus), includes range of Central Asian red deer:   reconstructed   recent

The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species. A male red deer is called a stag or hart, and a female is called a hind. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Anatolia, Iran, and parts of western Asia. It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains of Northern Africa; its early ancestors are thought to have crossed over to Morocco, then to Algeria, Libya and Tunisia via the Strait of Gibraltar, becoming the only species of true deer (Cervidae) to inhabit Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas, including Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina.[2] In many parts of the world, the meat (venison) from red deer is used as a food source.

Red deer are ruminants, characterized by a four-chambered stomach. Genetic evidence indicates that the red deer, as traditionally defined, is a species group, rather than a single species, though exactly how many species the group includes remains disputed.[3][4] The closely related and slightly larger American elk, or wapiti, native to North America and northeastern Asia, had been regarded as a subspecies of red deer, but recently it has been established as a distinct species. The ancestor of all red deer (and wapiti) probably originated in central Asia and resembled sika deer. Additional genetic research has suggested that the closest living species to the red deer is the fallow deer, Dama dama.[5]

Although at one time red deer were rare in parts of Europe, they were never close to extinction. Reintroduction and conservation efforts, such as in the United Kingdom and Portugal,[6] have resulted in an increase of red deer populations, while other areas, such as North Africa, have continued to show a population decline.

Description[edit]

The red deer is the fourth-largest extant deer species, behind the moose, elk, and sambar deer. It is a ruminant, eating its food in two stages and having an even number of toes on each hoof, like camels, goats, and cattle. European red deer have a relatively long tail compared to their Asian and North American relatives. Subtle differences in appearance are noted between the various subspecies of red deer, primarily in size and antlers, with the smallest being the Corsican red deer found on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia and the largest being the Caspian red deer[7] (or maral) of Asia Minor and the Caucasus Region to the west of the Caspian Sea.

The deer of central and western Europe vary greatly in size, with some of the largest deer found in the Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe.[5] Western European red deer, historically, grew to large size given ample food supply (including people's crops), and descendants of introduced populations living in New Zealand and Argentina have grown quite large in both body and antler size. Large red deer stags, like the Caspian red deer or those of the Carpathian Mountains, may rival North American elk in size. Female red deer are much smaller than their male counterparts.

Red deer buck bugling. Communication consists primarily of smell and vocal cues.

Size[edit]

The male (stag) red deer is typically 175 to 250 cm (69 to 98 in) long from the nose to the base of the tail and typically weighs 160 to 240 kg (350 to 530 lb); the female (hind) is 160 to 210 cm (63 to 83 in) long and often weighs 120 to 170 kg (260 to 370 lb).[8] The tail adds another 12 to 19 cm (&lt;span class="frac" role="math"&gt;4&lt;span class="sr-only"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="num"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⁄&lt;span class="den"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; to &lt;span class="frac" role="math"&gt;7&lt;span class="sr-only"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="num"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;⁄&lt;span class="den"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;in) and shoulder height is about 95 to 130&amp;nbsp;cm (37 to 51&amp;nbsp;in).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_8-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Macdonald-8"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"&gt;Scotland&lt;/a&gt;, stags average 201&amp;nbsp;cm (79&amp;nbsp;in) in head-and-body length and 122&amp;nbsp;cm (48&amp;nbsp;in) high at the shoulder and females average 180&amp;nbsp;cm (71&amp;nbsp;in) long and 114&amp;nbsp;cm (45&amp;nbsp;in) tall.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_8-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Macdonald-8"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Based on body mass, they are likely the fourth largest extant deer species on average, behind the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose" title="Moose"&gt;moose&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk" title="Elk"&gt;elk&lt;/a&gt; and the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer"&gt;sambar deer&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-9"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Size varies in different subspecies with the largest, the huge but small-antlered deer of the Carpathian Mountains (&lt;i&gt;C. e. elaphus&lt;/i&gt;), weighing up to 500&amp;nbsp;kg (1,100&amp;nbsp;lb). At the other end of the scale, the Corsican red deer (&lt;i&gt;C. e. corsicanus&lt;/i&gt;) weighs about 80 to 100&amp;nbsp;kg (180 to 220&amp;nbsp;lb), although red deer in poor habitats can weigh as little as 53 to 112&amp;nbsp;kg (120 to 250&amp;nbsp;lb).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-10"&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Neck_mane"&gt;Neck mane&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Neck mane"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The males of many subspecies also grow a short neck mane during the autumn. The male deer of the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles"&gt;British Isles&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"&gt;Norway&lt;/a&gt; tend to have the thickest and most noticeable manes. Male Caspian red deer (&lt;i&gt;C. e. maral&lt;/i&gt;) and Spanish red deer (&lt;i&gt;C. e. hispanicus&lt;/i&gt;) do not carry neck manes. Male deer of all subspecies, however, tend to have stronger and thicker neck muscles than female deer, which may give them an appearance of having neck manes. Red deer hinds (females) do not have neck manes. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Antlers"&gt;Antlers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Antlers"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Only the stags have &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antler" title="Antler"&gt;antlers&lt;/a&gt;, which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter. Antlers typically measure 71&amp;nbsp;cm (28&amp;nbsp;in) in total length and weigh 1&amp;nbsp;kg (2.2&amp;nbsp;lb), although large ones can grow to 115&amp;nbsp;cm (45&amp;nbsp;in) and weigh 5&amp;nbsp;kg (11&amp;nbsp;lb).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Macdonald_8-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Macdonald-8"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Antlers, which are made of bone, can grow at a rate of 2.5&amp;nbsp;cm (1&amp;nbsp;in) a day.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-nwr_11-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-nwr-11"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; While an antler is growing, it is covered with highly &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel"&gt;vascular&lt;/a&gt; skin called &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_antler" title="Velvet antler"&gt;velvet&lt;/a&gt;, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Hall_12-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Hall-12"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The antlers are &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone"&gt;testosterone&lt;/a&gt;-driven and as the stag's testosterone levels drop in the autumn, the velvet is shed and the antlers stop growing.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-nwr_11-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-nwr-11"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; With the approach of autumn, the antlers begin to calcify and the stags' testosterone production builds for the approaching rut (mating season). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;European red deer antlers are distinctive in being rather straight and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rugose" class="extiw" title="wikt:rugose"&gt;rugose&lt;/a&gt;, with the fourth and fifth tines forming a "crown" or "cup" in larger males. Any tines in excess of the fourth and fifth tines grow radially from the cup, which are generally absent in the antlers of smaller red deer, such as Corsican red deer. Western European red deer antlers feature "bez" (second) tines that are either absent or smaller than the brow tines. However, bez tines occur frequently in Norwegian red deer. Antlers of Caspian red deer carry large bez tines and form less-developed cups than western European red deer, their antlers are thus more like the "throw back" top tines of the North American elk (&lt;i&gt;C. canadensis&lt;/i&gt;), known as maraloid characteristics. A stag can (exceptionally) have antlers with no tines, and is then known as a switch. Similarly, a stag that does not grow antlers is a hummel. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Coat"&gt;Coat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Coat"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;European red deer tend to be reddish-brown in their summer coats,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Thomas-13"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and some individuals may have a few spots on the backs of their summer coats.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Geist-5"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; During the autumn, all red deer subspecies grow thicker coats of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Autumn is also when some of the stags grow their neck manes.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Geist-5"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The autumn/winter coats of most subspecies are most distinct. The Caspian red deer's winter coat is greyer and has a larger and more distinguished light rump-patch (like wapiti and some central Asian red deer) compared to the Western European red deer, which has more of a greyish-brown coat with a darker yellowish rump patch in the winter. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;By the time summer begins, the heavy winter coat has been shed; the animals are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies. Red deer have different colouration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with grey or lighter colouration prevalent in the winter and more reddish and darker coat colouration in the summer.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-nps_14-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-nps-14"&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution"&gt;Distribution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Red_deer.jpg/220px-Red_deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Red_deer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="298"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Stag and hinds&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;The &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus"&gt;Cervus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus"&gt;genus&lt;/a&gt; ancestors of red deer first appear in fossil records 12 million years ago during the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"&gt;Miocene&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"&gt;Eurasia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-UK_15-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-UK-15"&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Europe_and_North_Africa"&gt;Europe and North Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Europe and North Africa"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The European red deer is found in southwestern Asia (Asia Minor and Caucasus regions), North Africa, and Europe. The red deer is the largest nondomesticated land mammal still existing in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland"&gt;Ireland&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-UK_15-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-UK-15"&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag"&gt;Barbary stag&lt;/a&gt; (which resembles the western European red deer) is the only member of the deer family represented in Africa, with the population centred in the northwestern region of the continent in the Atlas Mountains.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-World_16-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-World-16"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As of the mid-1990s, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"&gt;Morocco&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"&gt;Algeria&lt;/a&gt; were the only African countries known to have red deer.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-africa_17-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-africa-17"&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the Netherlands, a large herd (about 3000 animals counted in late 2012) lives in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostvaardersplassen" title="Oostvaardersplassen"&gt;Oostvaardersplassen&lt;/a&gt;, a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve"&gt;nature reserve&lt;/a&gt;. Ireland has its own unique subspecies. In France, the population is thriving, having multiplied five-fold in the last half-century, increasing from 30,000 in 1970 to around 160,000 in 2014. The deer has particularly expanded its footprint into forests at higher altitudes than before. In the UK, indigenous populations occur in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"&gt;Scotland&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District"&gt;Lake District&lt;/a&gt;, and the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England"&gt;south west of England&lt;/a&gt; (principally on &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor"&gt;Exmoor&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-18"&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Not all of these are of entirely pure bloodlines, as some of these populations have been supplemented with deliberate releases of deer from parks, such as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warnham#Warnham_Court" title="Warnham"&gt;Warnham&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey"&gt;Woburn Abbey&lt;/a&gt;, in an attempt to increase antler sizes and body weights. The &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh"&gt;University of Edinburgh&lt;/a&gt; found that, in Scotland, extensive hybridisation with the closely related sika deer has occurred.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-19"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several other populations have originated either with "carted" deer kept for &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_hunting#United_Kingdom" title="Deer hunting"&gt;stag hunts&lt;/a&gt; being left out at the end of the hunt, escapes from deer farms, or deliberate releases. Carted deer were kept by stag hunts with no wild red deer in the locality and were normally recaptured after the hunt and used again; although the hunts are called "stag hunts", the Norwich Staghounds only hunted hinds (female red deer), and in 1950, at least eight hinds (some of which may have been pregnant) were known to be at large near &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley,_Norfolk" title="Kimberley, Norfolk"&gt;Kimberley&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harling,_Norfolk" title="Harling, Norfolk"&gt;West Harling&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-20"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; they formed the basis of a new population based in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetford_Forest" title="Thetford Forest"&gt;Thetford Forest&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk"&gt;Norfolk&lt;/a&gt;. Further substantial red deer herds originated from escapes or deliberate releases in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest"&gt;New Forest&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District"&gt;Peak District&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk"&gt;Suffolk&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire"&gt;Lancashire&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons"&gt;Brecon Beacons&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire"&gt;North Yorkshire&lt;/a&gt;, as well as many other smaller populations scattered throughout &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England"&gt;England&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"&gt;Wales&lt;/a&gt;, and they are all generally increasing in numbers and range. A census of deer populations in 2007 and again in 2011 coordinated by the British Deer Society records the red deer as having continued to expand their range in England and Wales since 2000,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-21"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; with expansion most notable in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midlands,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands, England"&gt;the Midlands&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia"&gt;East Anglia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-22"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Iran"&gt;Iran&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Iran"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Caspian red deer are found in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests"&gt; Hyrcanian Forests&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-23"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand"&gt;New Zealand&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: New Zealand"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deer_near_Lake_George_(17117730416).jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg/220px-Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg/330px-Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg/440px-Deer_near_Lake_George_%2817117730416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2403"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deer_near_Lake_George_(17117730416).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Deer near &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_George_Scott" title="Lake George Scott"&gt;Lake George Scott&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;In &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"&gt;New Zealand&lt;/a&gt;, red deer were introduced by &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acclimatisation_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Acclimatisation societies"&gt;acclimatisation societies&lt;/a&gt; along with other deer and game species. The first red deer to reach New Zealand were a pair sent by &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Petre" title="Baron Petre"&gt;Lord Petre&lt;/a&gt; in 1851 from his herd at &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorndon_Hall" title="Thorndon Hall"&gt;Thorndon Park&lt;/a&gt;, Essex, to the South Island, but the hind was shot before they had a chance to breed. Lord Petre sent another stag and two hinds in 1861, and these were liberated near &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand"&gt;Nelson&lt;/a&gt;, from where they quickly spread. The first deer to reach the North Island were a gift to Sir &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Weld" title="Frederick Weld"&gt;Frederick Weld&lt;/a&gt; from &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park"&gt;Windsor Great Park&lt;/a&gt; and were released near &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington"&gt;Wellington&lt;/a&gt;; these were followed by further releases up to 1914.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-24"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Between 1851 and 1926, 220 separate liberations of red deer involved over 800 deer.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-25"&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1927, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Forest_Service" title="New Zealand Forest Service"&gt;State Forest Service&lt;/a&gt; introduced a bounty for red deer shot on their land, and in 1931, government control operations were commenced. Between 1931 and March 1975, 1,124,297 deer were killed on official operations. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The introduced red deer have adapted well and are widely hunted on both islands; many of the 220 introductions used deer originating from Scotland (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invermark_Castle" title="Invermark Castle"&gt;Invermark&lt;/a&gt;) or one of the major deer parks in England, principally Warnham, Woburn Abbey or Windsor Great Park. Some hybridisation happened with the closely related American elk (&lt;i&gt;Cervus canadensis nelsoni&lt;/i&gt;) introduced in Fiordland in 1921. New Zealand red deer produce very large antlers and are regarded as amongst the best in the world by hunters. Along with the other introduced deer species, they are, however, officially regarded as a noxious pest and are still heavily culled using professional hunters working with helicopters, or even poisoned.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;The first red deer to reach &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt; were probably the six that &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" title="Albert, Prince Consort"&gt;Prince Albert&lt;/a&gt; sent in 1860 from Windsor Great Park to Thomas Chirnside, who was starting a herd at &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werribee_Park" title="Werribee Park"&gt;Werribee Park&lt;/a&gt;, south west of Melbourne in Victoria. Further introductions were made in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales"&gt;New South Wales&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland"&gt;Queensland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia"&gt;South Australia&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia"&gt;Western Australia&lt;/a&gt;. Today, red deer in Australia range from Queensland south through New South Wales into Victoria and across to South Australia, with the numbers increasing. The Queensland, Victorian and most New South Wales strains can still be traced to the early releases, but South Australia's population, along with all others, is now largely recent farm escapees. This is having adverse effects on the integrity of wild herds, as now more and larger herds are being grown due to the superior genetics that have been attained by selective breeding. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wild red deer are a feral pest species in Australia, do considerable harm to the natural environment, and are a significant road traffic hazard.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-26"&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Argentina_and_Chile"&gt;Argentina and Chile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Argentina and Chile"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;In Argentina and Chile, the red deer has had a potentially adverse impact on native animal species, such as the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer"&gt;South Andean deer&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;i&gt;huemul&lt;/i&gt;; the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has labelled the animal as one of the world's 100 worst invaders.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-invasive_27-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-invasive-27"&gt;[27]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Migration"&gt;Migration&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Migration"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;Red deer in Europe generally spend their winters at lower altitudes in more wooded terrain. During the summer, they migrate to higher elevations where food supplies are greater and better for the calving season. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy_and_evolution"&gt;Taxonomy and evolution&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and evolution"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Until recently, biologists considered the red deer and elk or wapiti (&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk" title="Elk"&gt;C. canadensis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) the same species, forming a continuous distribution throughout temperate Eurasia and North America. This belief was based largely on the fully fertile hybrids that can be produced under captive conditions.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-28"&gt;[28]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-29"&gt;[29]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-30"&gt;[30]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics"&gt;Genetic&lt;/a&gt; evidence clearly shows the wapiti and red deer form two separate species.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_31-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Ludt-31"&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-32"&gt;[32]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-33"&gt;[33]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another member of the red deer group which may represent a separate species is &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer"&gt;C. corsicanus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-genus_34-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-genus-34"&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; If so, &lt;i&gt;C. corsicanus&lt;/i&gt; includes the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies"&gt;subspecies&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag"&gt;C. e. barbarus&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (perhaps a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)"&gt;synonym&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;i&gt;C. e. corsicanus&lt;/i&gt;), and is restricted to &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb"&gt;Maghreb&lt;/a&gt; in North Africa, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica"&gt;Corsica&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia"&gt;Sardinia&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_31-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Ludt-31"&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-genus_34-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-genus-34"&gt;[34]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature"&gt;International Union for Conservation of Nature&lt;/a&gt; originally listed nine subspecies of red deer (&lt;i&gt;Cervus elaphus&lt;/i&gt;): three as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species"&gt;endangered&lt;/a&gt;, one as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species"&gt;vulnerable&lt;/a&gt;, one as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near threatened"&gt;near threatened&lt;/a&gt;, and four without enough data to give a category (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Deficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Deficient"&gt;Data Deficient&lt;/a&gt;). The species as a whole, however, is listed as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern"&gt;least concern&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-IUCN-1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; However, this was based on the traditional classification of red deer as one species (&lt;i&gt;Cervus elaphus&lt;/i&gt;), including the wapiti. The common red deer is also known as simply red deer. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Selected members of the red deer &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Species group"&gt;species group&lt;/a&gt; are listed in the table below. Of the ones listed, &lt;i&gt;C. e. hippelaphus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;C. e. scoticus&lt;/i&gt; may be &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_synonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior synonym"&gt;junior synonyms&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_31-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Ludt-31"&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cervus elaphus&lt;/i&gt; appeared in Europe by the beginning of the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene"&gt;Middle Pleistocene&lt;/a&gt; around 800,000 years ago. These earliest forms belonged to the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeosubspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeosubspecies"&gt;palaeosubspecies&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervus_elaphus_acoronatus" title="Cervus elaphus acoronatus"&gt;Cervus elaphus acoronatus&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/i&gt; Other palaeosubspecies are known, including those belonging to &lt;i&gt;C. elaphus rianensis&lt;/i&gt; from the Middle Pleistocene of Italy, &lt;i&gt;C. elaphus siciliae&lt;/i&gt; from the late Middle and Late Pleistocene of Sicily.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-:1-35"&gt;[35]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left;margin:10px"&gt; &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Name&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Subspecies&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Status&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Historical range&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Notes &lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_red_deer" title="Central European red deer"&gt;Central European or common red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 3.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_Luc_Viatour_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="2063"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. hippelaphus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Western and Central Europe, Balkans&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Medium to large subspecies, with the largest deer found in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains"&gt;Carpathian Mountains&lt;/a&gt; in Central Europe. It is light-coloured, with a light-coloured rump patch bordering with black. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_red_deer" title="Caspian red deer"&gt;Caspian red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;maral&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caspian_Red_Deer_(Maral)_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Caspian Red Deer (Maral) in Arasbaran forest.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg/150px-Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg/225px-Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg/300px-Caspian_Red_Deer_%28Maral%29_in_Arasbaran_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3343" data-file-height="2248"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. maral&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor"&gt;Asia Minor&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea"&gt;Crimea&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus"&gt;Caucasus&lt;/a&gt; and northwestern &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"&gt;Iran&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Large subspecies; its coat is dark grey, except in the summer, when it is a dark brown. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_red_deer" title="Norwegian red deer"&gt;Norwegian red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Cervus elaphus LC0367.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_LC0367.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1600"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. atlanticus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"&gt;Norway&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Small subspecies &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_red_deer" title="Scottish red deer"&gt;Scottish red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Deer_Park,_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="The Deer Park, Glengoulandie - geograph.org.uk - 136680.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg/150px-The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg/225px-The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg/300px-The_Deer_Park%2C_Glengoulandie_-_geograph.org.uk_-_136680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. scoticus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England"&gt;England&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"&gt;Scotland&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland"&gt;Ireland&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;This deer is slightly smaller than red deer in Western Europe and its coat is lighter in colour, with a distinct border to the lighter patch on the rump. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_red_deer" title="Spanish red deer"&gt;Spanish red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="El Pardo ciervo.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg/150px-El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg/225px-El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg/300px-El_Pardo_ciervo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. hispanicus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-36"&gt;[36]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula"&gt;Iberian Peninsula&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Smaller than the common red deer and more greyish in colour &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesola_red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesola red deer (page does not exist)"&gt;Mesola red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Cervus elaphus italicus.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_italicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5097" data-file-height="3398"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. italicus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Once widespread across the Italian northeastern coast, but now restricted to Bosco della Mesola Nature Reserve&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;One of the smallest subspecies, similar to the Corsican and Atlas subspecies. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. elaphus&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsican_red_deer" title="Corsican red deer"&gt;Corsican red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CervoMontevecchio.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="CervoMontevecchio.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CervoMontevecchio.jpg/150px-CervoMontevecchio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CervoMontevecchio.jpg/225px-CervoMontevecchio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CervoMontevecchio.jpg/300px-CervoMontevecchio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="1134"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. corsicanus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Near Threatened (NT)&lt;sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-37"&gt;[37]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica"&gt;Corsica&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia"&gt;Sardinia&lt;/a&gt;;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-38"&gt;[38]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; probably introduced there in historical times and identical with the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag"&gt;Barbary stag&lt;/a&gt;&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Ludt_31-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Ludt-31"&gt;[31]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;One of the smallest subspecies &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag"&gt;Barbary stag&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;Atlas deer&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_barbarus,_Tierpark_Berlin,_523-629.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="Cervus elaphus barbarus, Tierpark Berlin, 523-629.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg/150px-Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg/225px-Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg/300px-Cervus_elaphus_barbarus%2C_Tierpark_Berlin%2C_523-629.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2393"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. barbarus&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Near Threatened&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"&gt;Morocco&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"&gt;Algeria&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"&gt;Tunisia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;One of the smallest subspecies &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crimean_red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Crimean red deer (page does not exist)"&gt;Crimean red deer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. e. brauneri&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;Near Threatened&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea"&gt;Crimea&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt; &lt;div style="clear:both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Behaviour"&gt;Behaviour&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Behaviour"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg/220px-Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg/330px-Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg/440px-Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1469"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rothirsch_Kahlwildrudel_070618.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;A group of hinds with calves&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mature red deer (&lt;i&gt;C. elaphus&lt;/i&gt;) usually stay in single-sex groups for most of the year. During the mating season, called the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)"&gt;rut&lt;/a&gt;, mature stags compete for the attentions of the hinds and will then try to defend the hinds they attract. Rival stags challenge opponents by belling and walking in parallel. This allows combatants to assess each other's antlers, body size and fighting prowess. If neither stag backs down, a clash of antlers can occur, and stags sometimes sustain serious injuries.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-World_16-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-World-16"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Red deer are among the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_displaying_homosexual_behavior" title="List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior"&gt;mammals exhibiting homosexual behavior&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Biological_Exuberance:_Hoofed_Mammal,_Deer_39-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Biological_Exuberance:_Hoofed_Mammal,_Deer-39"&gt;[39]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dominant stags follow groups of hinds during the rut, from August into early winter. The stags may have as many as 20 hinds to keep from other, less attractive males.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-sd_40-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-sd-40"&gt;[40]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Only mature stags hold harems (groups of hinds), and breeding success peaks at about eight years of age. Stags two to four years old rarely hold harems and spend most of the rut on the periphery of larger harems, as do stags over 11 years old. Young and old stags that do acquire a harem hold it later in the breeding season than those stags in their prime. Harem-holding stags rarely feed and lose up to 20% of their body weight. Stags that enter the rut in poor condition are less likely to make it through to the peak conception period.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-World_16-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-World-16"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;audio id="mwe_player_1" controls preload="none" class="thumbimage" width="220" style="width:220px" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Red_Deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_(W1CDR0001424_BD3).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"&gt;&lt;source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="137496"&gt;&lt;source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Red_Deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_%28W1CDR0001424_BD3%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&amp;quot;vorbis&amp;quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file (205 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="205374"&gt;&lt;/audio&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_(W1CDR0001424_BD3).ogg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Two males roaring&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male European red deer have a distinctive &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roar_(vocalization)" title="Roar (vocalization)"&gt;roar&lt;/a&gt; during the rut, which is an adaptation to forested environments, in contrast to male American elk stags which "bugle" during the rut in adaptation to open environments. The male deer roars to keep his harem of females together. The females are initially attracted to those males that both roar most often and have the loudest roar call. Males also use the roar call when competing with other males for females during the rut, and along with other forms of posturing and antler fights, is a method used by the males to establish dominance.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-1" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Thomas-13"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Roaring is most common during the early dawn and late evening, which is also when the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular"&gt;crepuscular&lt;/a&gt; deer are most active in general. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span id="Breeding.2C_gestation_and_lifespan"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Breeding,_gestation_and_lifespan"&gt;Breeding, gestation and lifespan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Breeding, gestation and lifespan"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mating_Red_Deer.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mating_Red_Deer.jpg/220px-Mating_Red_Deer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mating_Red_Deer.jpg/330px-Mating_Red_Deer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mating_Red_Deer.jpg/440px-Mating_Red_Deer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2524"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mating_Red_Deer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Red deer mating&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_juvenile.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg/220px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg/330px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg/440px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_juvenile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="2678"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_juvenile.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;juvenile&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Female red deer reach &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity"&gt;sexual maturity&lt;/a&gt; at 2 years of age.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-41"&gt;[41]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Red deer mating patterns usually involve a dozen or more &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating" title="Mating"&gt;mating&lt;/a&gt; attempts before the first successful one. There may be several more matings before the stag will seek out another mate in his harem. Females in their second autumn can produce one or very rarely two offspring per year. The &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation"&gt;gestation&lt;/a&gt; period is 240 to 262 days, and the offspring weigh about 15&amp;nbsp;kg (35&amp;nbsp;lb). After two weeks, calves are able to join the herd and are fully weaned after two months.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-adw_42-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-adw-42"&gt;[42]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The offspring will remain with their mothers for almost one full year, leaving around the time the next season's offspring are produced.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-2" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Thomas-13"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The gestation period is the same for all subspecies.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;All red deer calves are born spotted, as is common with many deer species, and lose their spots by the end of summer. However, as in many species of Old World deer, some adults do retain a few spots on the backs of their summer coats.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Geist_5-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Geist-5"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Red deer live over 20 years in captivity and in the wild they live 10 to 13 years, though some subspecies with less predation pressure average 15 years.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Protection_from_predators"&gt;Protection from predators&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Protection from predators"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png/220px-Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png/330px-Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png/440px-Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="585"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loups_dans_le_parc_National_des_Abruzzes_06.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Remains of a fawn carried by a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf"&gt;wolf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Male red deer retain their antlers for more than half the year, and are less gregarious and less likely to group with other males when they have antlers. The antlers provide self-defence, as does a strong front-leg kicking action performed by both sexes when attacked. Once the antlers are shed, stags tend to form bachelor groups which allow them to cooperatively work together. Herds tend to have one or more members watching for potential danger, while the remaining members eat and rest.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-3" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Thomas-13"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;After the rut, females form large herds of up to 50 individuals. The newborn calves are kept close to the hinds by a series of vocalizations between the two, and larger nurseries have an ongoing and constant chatter during the daytime hours. When approached by predators, the largest and most robust females may make a stand, using their front legs to kick at their attackers. Guttural grunts and posturing is used with all but the most determined of predators with great effectiveness. Aside from humans and domestic dogs, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf"&gt;grey wolf&lt;/a&gt; is probably the most dangerous predator European red deer encounter. Occasionally, the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear"&gt;brown bear&lt;/a&gt; will prey on European red deer.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-4" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-Thomas-13"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Red_deer_in_folklore_and_art"&gt;Red deer in folklore and art&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Red deer in folklore and art"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_of_the_Glen,_Edwin_Landseer,_1851.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg/440px-Monarch_of_the_Glen%2C_Edwin_Landseer%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1212"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_of_the_Glen,_Edwin_Landseer,_1851.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monarch_of_the_Glen_(painting)" title="The Monarch of the Glen (painting)"&gt;The Monarch of the Glen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, 1851, by Sir &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer"&gt;Edwin Landseer&lt;/a&gt;, an iconic image of the 19th century&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Red deer are widely depicted in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting"&gt;cave art&lt;/a&gt; found throughout European caves, with some of the artwork dating from as early as 40,000 years ago, during the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic"&gt;Upper Paleolithic&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia"&gt;Siberian&lt;/a&gt; cave art from the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic"&gt;Neolithic&lt;/a&gt; of 7,000 years ago has abundant depictions of red deer, including what can be described as spiritual artwork, indicating the importance of this mammal to the peoples of that region (Note: these animals were most likely wapiti (&lt;i&gt;C. canadensis&lt;/i&gt;) in Siberia, not red deer).&lt;sup id="cite_ref-siberia_43-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-siberia-43"&gt;[43]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Red deer are also often depicted on &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish"&gt;Pictish&lt;/a&gt; stones (&lt;i&gt;circa&lt;/i&gt; 550–850 AD), from the early medieval period in Scotland, usually as prey animals for human or animal predators. In &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting"&gt;medieval hunting&lt;/a&gt;, the red deer was the most prestigious quarry, especially the mature stag, which in England was called a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart_(deer)" title="Hart (deer)"&gt;hart&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Red_deer_products"&gt;Red deer products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Red deer products"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Red deer are held in captivity for a variety of reasons. The meat of the deer, called &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venison" title="Venison"&gt;venison&lt;/a&gt;, was until recently&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"&gt;&lt;span title="Please supply a full or month-and-year &amp;quot;|date=&amp;quot; of publication, or use &amp;quot;|year=year not specified&amp;quot; for intentional omission."&gt;date&amp;nbsp;missing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; restricted in the United Kingdom to those with connections to the aristocratic or &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching"&gt;poaching&lt;/a&gt; communities, and a licence was needed to sell it legally, but it is now widely available in supermarkets, especially in the autumn. The &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II"&gt;Queen&lt;/a&gt; followed the custom of offering large pieces of venison to members of the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom"&gt;Cabinet of the United Kingdom&lt;/a&gt; and others. Some estates in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands"&gt;Scottish Highlands&lt;/a&gt; still sell &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer-stalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer-stalking"&gt;deer-stalking&lt;/a&gt; accompanied by a &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gillie" class="extiw" title="wikt:gillie"&gt;gillie&lt;/a&gt; in the traditional way, on unfenced land, while others operate more like farms for venison. Venison is widely considered to be both flavourful and nutritious. It is higher in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein" title="Protein"&gt;protein&lt;/a&gt; and lower in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat" title="Fat"&gt;fat&lt;/a&gt; than either &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef" title="Beef"&gt;beef&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken"&gt;chicken&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-meat_44-0" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-meat-44"&gt;[44]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The red deer can produce 10 to 15&amp;nbsp;kg (20 to 35&amp;nbsp;lb) of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_antler" title="Velvet antler"&gt;antler velvet&lt;/a&gt; annually.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; On ranches in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"&gt;New Zealand&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"&gt;China&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia"&gt;Siberia&lt;/a&gt;, and elsewhere,&lt;sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-45"&gt;[45]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; this velvet is collected and sold to markets in East Asia, where it is used for &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic health"&gt;holistic medicines&lt;/a&gt;, with &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"&gt;South Korea&lt;/a&gt; being the primary consumer. In &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"&gt;Russia&lt;/a&gt;, a medication produced from antler velvet is sold under the brand name Pantokrin (&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language"&gt;Russian&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span lang="ru"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантокрин"&gt;Пантокри́н&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language"&gt;Latin&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;i lang="la"&gt;Pantocrinum&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; The antlers themselves are also believed by East Asians to have medicinal purposes and are often ground up and used in small quantities. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Historically, related deer species such as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer"&gt;Central Asian red deer&lt;/a&gt;, wapiti, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer"&gt;Thorold's deer&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer"&gt;sika deer&lt;/a&gt; have been reared on deer farms in Central and Eastern Asia by &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese"&gt;Han Chinese&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples"&gt;Turkic peoples&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples"&gt;Tungusic peoples&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols"&gt;Mongolians&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans"&gt;Koreans&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; In modern times, western countries such as New Zealand and United States have taken to farming European red deer for similar purposes. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deer hair products are also used in the fly fishing industry, being used to tie flies.&lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap"&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"&gt;&lt;span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)"&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Deer antlers are also used for decorative purposes and have been used for artwork, furniture and other novelty items. Deer antlers were and still are the source material for &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_furniture" title="Horn furniture"&gt;horn furniture&lt;/a&gt;. Already in the 15th century trophies of case were used for clothes hook, storage racks and chandeliers, the so-called &lt;i&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusterweibchen" title="Lusterweibchen"&gt;Lusterweibchen&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. In the 19th century the European nobility discovered red deer antlers as perfect decorations for their manors and hunting castles. This fashion trend splashes over to upper- and middle-class households in the mid of the 19th century. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg" class="image"&gt;&lt;img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg/220px-Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg/330px-Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg/440px-Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="898"&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rustic_deer_antler_candle_holder.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Rustic deer antler candle holder&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;At the increasingly popular World Expositions, producers of horn furniture, mainly in Germany, Austria and the United States, such as &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Friedrich_Christoph_Rampendahl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Friedrich Christoph Rampendahl (page does not exist)"&gt;Heinrich Friedrich Christoph Rampendahl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%;font-style:normal"&gt;&amp;nbsp;[&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Christoph_Rampendahl" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Friedrich Christoph Rampendahl"&gt;de&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/span&gt; and Friedrich Wenzel, showed their horn furniture and a kind of series manufacturing began. In recent times deer antler home decors can be found in home styling magazines.&lt;sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_note-46"&gt;[46]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery"&gt;Gallery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:35px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg" class="image" title="Mature Spanish red deer bellowing during the rut"&gt;&lt;img alt="Mature Spanish red deer bellowing during the rut" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg/120px-Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg/180px-Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg/240px-Deer_Stag_AdF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1283"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mature &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_red_deer" title="Spanish red deer"&gt;Spanish red deer&lt;/a&gt; bellowing during the rut &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:35px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg" class="image" title="Red deer tracks in Commanster, in the Ardennes of Belgium"&gt;&lt;img alt="Red deer tracks in Commanster, in the Ardennes of Belgium" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg/120px-Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg/180px-Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg/240px-Cervus.elaphus.track.on.snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="212"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;Red deer tracks in Commanster, in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes"&gt;Ardennes&lt;/a&gt; of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"&gt;Belgium&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:35px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_young_stag.jpg" class="image" title="Young stag in Great Glen in Scotland"&gt;&lt;img alt="Young stag in Great Glen in Scotland" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg/120px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg/180px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg/240px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_young_stag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4710" data-file-height="3140"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;Young stag in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Glen" title="Great Glen"&gt;Great Glen&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"&gt;Scotland&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:33.5px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer_stag.jpg" class="image" title="A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. Glen Torridon, Scotland"&gt;&lt;img alt="A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. Glen Torridon, Scotland" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Red_deer_stag.jpg/120px-Red_deer_stag.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Red_deer_stag.jpg/180px-Red_deer_stag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Red_deer_stag.jpg/240px-Red_deer_stag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2585"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;A soft covering known as velvet helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Torridon" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Torridon"&gt;Glen Torridon&lt;/a&gt;, Scotland &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:16.5px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg" class="image" title="One male and three females in the Salburua wetlands of Basque Country in Spain"&gt;&lt;img alt="One male and three females in the Salburua wetlands of Basque Country in Spain" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg/120px-Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg/180px-Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg/240px-Cervus_elaphus_-_Salbur%C3%BAa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="2437"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;One male and three females in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salburua" title="Salburua"&gt;Salburua&lt;/a&gt; wetlands of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)"&gt;Basque Country&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"&gt;Spain&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:35px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer_(Cervus_elaphus)_hind_with_juvenile.jpg" class="image" title="Hind with juvenile in Great Glen in Scotland"&gt;&lt;img alt="Hind with juvenile in Great Glen in Scotland" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg/120px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg/180px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg/240px-Red_deer_%28Cervus_elaphus%29_hind_with_juvenile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3092" data-file-height="2062"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hind with juvenile in Great Glen in Scotland &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:35px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hirved1.jpg" class="image" title="Young stags fleeing on the island of Saaremaa in Estonia"&gt;&lt;img alt="Young stags fleeing on the island of Saaremaa in Estonia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hirved1.jpg/120px-Hirved1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hirved1.jpg/180px-Hirved1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hirved1.jpg/240px-Hirved1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="1592"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;Young stags fleeing on the island of &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa"&gt;Saaremaa&lt;/a&gt; in &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"&gt;Estonia&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li class="gallerybox" style="width:155px"&gt;&lt;div style="width:155px"&gt; &lt;div class="thumb" style="width:150px"&gt;&lt;div style="margin:15px auto"&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_deer_portrait.jpg" class="image" title="Red deer in the Czech Republic"&gt;&lt;img alt="Red deer in the Czech Republic" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Red_deer_portrait.jpg/80px-Red_deer_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Red_deer_portrait.jpg/120px-Red_deer_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Red_deer_portrait.jpg/160px-Red_deer_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="2560"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="gallerytext"&gt; &lt;p&gt;Red deer in the &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"&gt;Czech Republic&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"&gt;See also&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: See also"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_of_Great_Britain" title="Deer of Great Britain"&gt;Deer of Great Britain&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_farm" title="Deer farm"&gt;Deer farm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_deer_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval deer park"&gt;Medieval deer park&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venison" title="Venison"&gt;Venison&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="References"&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_deer&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References"&gt;edit&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="mw-editsection-bracket"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734"&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</p><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width:30em"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0">^{<i><b>a</b></i>}</a> <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_deer#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1">^{<i><b>b</b></i>}</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Lovari, S.; Lorenzini, R.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Carden, R.F.; Brook, S.M. & Mattioli, S. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Cervus elaphus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55997072A142404453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997072A142404453.en. Retrieved 22 May 2020.

Where is the best place to find red deer in hunter call of the wild?

What is the diamond for in Red Deer?