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Both miRNAs and siRNAs are small, single-stranded RNAs that associate with a complex of proteins and then can base-pair with mRNAs that have a complementary sequence. This base pairing leads to either degredation of the mRNA or blockage of its translation. Some siRNAs, in association with other proteins, can bind back to the chromatin in a certain region, causing chromatic changes that affect transcription. Both miRNAs and siRNAs are processed from double-stranded RNA precursors by the enzyme Dicer. However, miRNAs are encoded by genes in the cell's genome, and the single transcript folds back on itself to form one or more double-stranded hairpins, each of which is processes into an mRNA. In contrast, siRNAs arise from a longer stretch of double-stranded RNA, which may be introduced into the cell by a virus or an experimenter. In some cases, a cellular gene codes for one RNA strand of the precursor molecule, and an enzyme then synthesizes the complementary strand.
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