A bad debt expense is recognized when a receivable is no longer collectible because a customer is unable to fulfill their obligation to pay an outstanding debt due to bankruptcy or other financial problems. Companies that extend credit to their customers report bad debts as an allowance for doubtful accounts on the balance sheet, which is also known as a provision for credit losses.
- Bad debt expense is an unfortunate cost of doing business with customers on credit, as there is always a default risk inherent to extending credit.
- The direct write-off method records the exact amount of uncollectible accounts as they are specifically identified.
- In order to comply with the matching principle, bad debt expense must be estimated using the allowance method in the same period in which the sale occurs.
- There are two main ways to estimate an allowance for bad debts: the percentage sales method and the accounts receivable aging method.
Bad debt expenses are generally classified as a sales and general administrative expense and are found on the income statement. Recognizing bad debts leads to an offsetting reduction to accounts receivable on the balance sheet—though businesses retain the right to collect funds should the circumstances change.
There are two different methods used to recognize bad debt expense. Using the direct write-off method, uncollectible accounts are written off directly to expense as they become uncollectible. This method is used in the U.S. for income tax purposes.
However, while the direct write-off method records the exact amount of uncollectible accounts, it fails to uphold the matching principle used in accrual accounting and generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The matching principle requires that expenses be matched to related revenues in the same accounting period in which the revenue transaction occurs.
For this reason, bad debt expense is calculated using the allowance method, which provides an estimated dollar amount of uncollectible accounts in the same period in which the revenue is earned.
The allowance method is an accounting technique that enables companies to take anticipated losses into consideration in its financial statements to limit overstatement of potential income. To avoid an account overstatement, a company will estimate how much of its receivables from current period sales that it expects will be delinquent.
Because no significant period of time has passed since the sale, a company does not know which exact accounts receivable will be paid and which will default. So, an allowance for doubtful accounts is established based on an anticipated, estimated figure.
A company will debit bad debts expense and credit this allowance account. The allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra-asset account that nets against accounts receivable, which means that it reduces the total value of receivables when both balances are listed on the balance sheet. This allowance can accumulate across accounting periods and may be adjusted based on the balance in the account.
Two primary methods exist for estimating the dollar amount of accounts receivables not expected to be collected. Bad debt expense can be estimated using statistical modeling such as default probability to determine its expected losses to delinquent and bad debt. The statistical calculations can utilize historical data from the business as well as from the industry as a whole. The specific percentage will typically increase as the age of the receivable increases, to reflect increasing default risk and decreasing collectibility.
Alternatively, a bad debt expense can be estimated by taking a percentage of net sales, based on the company’s historical experience with bad debt. Companies regularly make changes to the allowance for credit losses entry, so that they correspond with the current statistical modeling allowances.
The aging method groups all outstanding accounts receivable by age, and specific percentages are applied to each group. The aggregate of all groups' results is the estimated uncollectible amount. For example, a company has $70,000 of accounts receivable less than 30 days outstanding and $30,000 of accounts receivable more than 30 days outstanding. Based on previous experience, 1% of accounts receivable less than 30 days old will not be collectible and 4% of accounts receivable at least 30 days old will be uncollectible. Therefore, the company will report an allowance and bad debt expense of $1,900 (($70,000 * 1%) + ($30,000 * 4%)). If the next accounting period results in an estimated allowance of $2,500 based on outstanding accounts receivable, only $600 ($2,500 - $1,900) will be the bad debt expense in the second period.
The sales method applies a flat percentage to the total dollar amount of sales for the period. For example, based on previous experience, a company may expect that 3% of net sales are not collectible. If the total net sales for the period is $100,000, the company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts for $3,000 while simultaneously reporting $3,000 in bad debt expense. If the following accounting period results in net sales of $80,000, an additional $2,400 is reported in the allowance for doubtful accounts, and $2,400 is recorded in the second period in bad debt expense. The aggregate balance in the allowance for doubtful accounts after these two periods is $5,400.
Reporting Bad Debts
Bad debt can be reported on the financial statements using the direct write-off method or the allowance method.
1. Direct write-off method
The direct write-off method involves writing off a bad debt expense directly against the corresponding receivable account. Therefore, under the direct write-off method, a specific dollar amount from a customer account will be written off as a bad debt expense.
However, the direct write-off method can result in misstating the income between reporting periods if the bad debt journal entry occurred in a different period from the sales entry. For such a reason, it is only permitted when writing off immaterial amounts. The journal entry for the direct write-off method is a debit to bad debt expense and a credit to accounts receivable.
2. Allowance method
The allowance method estimates bad debt expense at the end of the fiscal year, setting up a reserve account called allowance for doubtful accounts. Similar to its name, the allowance for doubtful accounts reports a prediction of receivables that are “doubtful” to be paid.
In contrast to the direct write-off method, the allowance method is only an estimation of money that won’t be collected and is based on the entire accounts receivable account. The amount of money written off with the allowance method is estimated through the accounts receivable aging method or the percentage of sales method. An example of an allowance method journal entry can be found below.
Entry 1: The amount of bad debt is estimated using the accounts receivable aging method or percentage of sales method and is recorded as follows:
Entry 2: When a specific receivables account is deemed to be uncollectible, allowance for doubtful accounts is debited and accounts receivable is credited.
Estimating the Bad Debt Expense
The amount of bad debt expense can be estimated using the accounts receivable aging method or the percentage sales method.
1. Accounts receivable aging method
The accounts receivable aging method groups receivable accounts based on age and assigns a percentage based on the likelihood to collect. The percentages will be estimates based on a company’s previous history of collection.
The estimated percentages are then multiplied by the total amount of receivables in that date range and added together to determine the amount of bad debt expense. The table below shows how a company would use the accounts receivable aging method to estimate bad debts.
2. Percentage of sales method
The percentage of sales method simply takes the total sales for the period and multiplies that number by a percentage. Once again, the percentage is an estimate based on the company’s previous ability to collect receivables.
For example, if a company with sales of $2,000,000 estimates that 2% of sales will be uncollectible, their bad debt expense would be $40,000 ($2,000,000 * 0.02).
Example
Consider a roofing business that agrees to replace a customer’s roof for $10,000 on credit. The project is completed; however, during the time between the start of the project and its completion, the customer fails to fulfill their financial obligation.
The original journal entry for the transaction would involve a debit to accounts receivable, and a credit to sales revenue. Once the company becomes aware that the customer will be unable to pay any of the $10,000, the change needs to be reflected in the financial statements.
Therefore, the business would credit accounts receivable of $10,000 and debit bad debt expense of $10,000. If the customer is able to pay a partial amount of the balance (say $5,000), it will debit cash of $5,000, debit bad debt expense of $5,000, and credit accounts receivable of $10,000.
Significance of Bad Debt Expense
Fundamentally, like all accounting principles, bad debt expense allows companies to accurately and completely report their financial position. At some point in time, almost every company will deal with a customer who is unable to pay, and they will need to record a bad debt expense. A significant amount of bad debt expenses can change the way potential investors and company executives view the health of a company.
For the above-mentioned reasons, it is critical that bad debts are recorded timely and accurately. In addition, they help companies recognize customers who defaulted on payments to avoid similar situations in the future.
Additionally, bad debt expense does comes with tax implications. Reporting a bad debt expense will increase the total expenses and decrease net income. Therefore, the amount of bad debt expenses a company reports will ultimately change how much taxes they pay during a given fiscal period.
Related Readings
Thank you for reading CFI’s guide to Bad Debt Expense. To keep advancing your career, the additional resources below will be useful: