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25.1.Droplet precautions are used for patientswho have an illness transmitted byparticle droplets larger than 5 microns(e.g., mumps, rubella, pharyngealdiphtheria,Mycoplasmapneumonia,pertussis, streptococcal pharyngitis,and pneumonic plague).2.Contact precautions are used forpatients who have an illness transmit-ted by direct contact or with itemscontaminated by the patient; for exam-ple, gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin,or wound infections or colonizationwith drug-resistant bacteria includingClostridium difficile, Escherichia coli,Shigella,as well as other infections/infestations, such as hepatitis A, herpessimplex virus, impetigo, pediculosis, sca-bies, syncytial virus, and parainfluenza.3.Reverse precautions, also known as neu-tropenic precautions, are used for patientswho are immunocompromised; isolationpractices are employed and personal pro-tective equipment is worn by the caregiverto protect the patient from the caregiver.4.Airborne precautions are used forpatients who have an illness transmittedby airborne droplet nuclei smaller than5 microns; for example, varicella,rubeola, and tuberculosis.26.1.Hyperthermia is a common systemicresponse to infection. With hyperther-mia, microorganisms or endotoxinsstimulate phagocytic cells that releasepyrogens, which stimulate the hypo-thalamic thermoregulatory center,resulting in fever.2.Exudate is a local, not systemic, responseto an injury or inflammation. Exudate iscleared away through lymphatic drainageor exits from the body via a wound.3.Edema is a local, not systemic, responseto infection. Chemical mediators in-crease the permeability of small bloodvessels, thereby causing fluid to enter theinterstitial compartment resulting inlocal edema.4.Pain is a local, not systemic, response toinflammation because swelling of inflamedtissue exerts pressure on nerve endings.27.1.This is an example of controlling themode of transmission. Direct transmis-sion of microorganisms from one per-son to another is interrupted whenmicroorganisms are removed from theskin surface by handwashing. Hand-washing is part of hand hygiene, whichalso includes nail care, skin lubrication,and wearing of minimal jewelry in ahealth-care environment. Handwashingshould be performed before andafter patient care and whenevercontamination has occurred.2.This is an example of controlling thereservoir and the portal of exit from thereservoir links in the chain of infection.3.This is an example of reducing the suscep-tibility of the host link in the chain ofinfection.4.This is an example of controlling thereservoir and portal of exit from thereservoir links in the chain of infection.28.1.Nausea does not precipitate a need for anincrease in caloric intake above average re-quirements. However, frequent small dryfeedings and medications to limit nauseamay be used.1LINCOLN MEMORIAL UNIVERSITYCaylor School of NursingNURS 320Fall 2016Chapter 27 Patient SafetyMultiple Choice1.Which of the following would most immediately threaten an individual’s safety?A. 70% humidityB. A sprained ankleC. Lack of waterD. Unrefrigerated fresh vegetables
