How to tell if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked.

Crow, J. F. Eighty years ago: the beginnings of population genetics. Genetics 119, 473-476 (1988).

Crow, J. F. Hardy, Weinberg and language impediments. Genetics 152, 821-825 (1999).

Darwin, C. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London, UK: John Murray, 1859. (link)

Edwards, A. W. F. & Hardy, G. H. 1908 and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Genetics 179, 1143-1150 (2008).

Futuyma, D. J. Evolutionary Biology, 3rd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer & Associates, 1998.

Gillespie, J. H. Population Genetics: A Concise Guide, 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.

Hardy, G. H. Mendelian proportions in a mixed population. Science 28, 49-50 (1908).

Mendel, G. Versuche über Plflanzen-hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Ver-eines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhand-lungen (1886): 3-47. (link)

Monaghan, F. & Corcos, A. On the origins of the Mendelian laws. Journal of Heredity 75, 67-69 (1984).

Weinberg, W. Über den Nachweis der Vererbung beim Menschen. Jahreshefte des Vereins Varterländische Naturkdunde in Württemberg 64, 369-382 (1908).

Wigginton, J. E., Cutler, D. J. et al. A note on exact tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The American Journal of Human Genetics 76, 887-893 (2005).