How many slaves did South Carolina have in 1860?

Growth of South Carolina's Slave Population

The following table shows how South Carolina's slave population grew in accordance with the success of its rice culture. Whereas in 1790 there were slightly more whites than blacks living in South Carolina, by 1860 the non-white population (which also included Native Americans) had grown to nearly 60%.

South Carolina

America's First African Slaves Came to South Carolina

In August 1619, "20. and odd Negroes" were captured - twice - and carried to the coast of Virginia. Because of this, 2019 is remembered as the 400th anniversary of slavery in the United States. However, American abduction of men and women from Africa actually dates to November 1526. The location? South Carolina.

In September of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, a wealthy Spaniard come slave trader, arrived for the second time to the shores of what would become, more than two centuries later, South Carolina. Landing along the shores of the Pee Dee River, he established a nascent village, San Miguel de Gualdape. A month later, he was dead, and two months later, the African slaves he held captive revolted, effectively ending the settlement for the Spaniards.

In 1526, enslaved Africans were part of a Spanish expedition to establish an outpost on the North American coast in present-day South Carolina. Those Africans launched a rebellion in November of that year and effectively destroyed the Spanish settlers' ability to sustain the settlement, which they abandoned a year later. Nearly 100 years before Jamestown, African actors enabled American colonies to survive, and they were equally able to destroy European colonial ventures. (Smithsonian Magazine)

In June 1526, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, a wealthy Spanish official in the city of Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, founded a colony at or near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in eastern South Carolina. Six decades before Roanoke Island (1587), eight decades before Jamestown (1607), and almost a century before the Mayflower landed at Plymouth Rock (1620), Ayllon began his North American dream. Over the next 350 years, a total of 10.7 million African-American slaves were shipped to our shores. (An additional 2 million African-American slaves died en route.)

A giant proportion of these slaves landed in Charleston, making South Carolina especially integral to the slave trade. When it came to buying and selling human beings, our state stood at the forefront, and whether we are white our black, our collective history is inextricably bound to the lives of the families who were shipped and split apart right here in our own markets.

Although some men and women did achieve freedom prior to the Emancipation Proclamation, the vast majority remained enslaved. This guide will help you learn more about slavery in South Carolina, and it also explores the lives of freedmen and black sailors and soldiers prior to the Civil War.

SC Slaves | SC Freedmen | SC Soldiers, Sailors | Related SC Resources

SC Slaves

• Buying and selling human beings - examines slave trade from the shores of Africa to the markets of Charleston, including capture, the Middle Passage, auctions and cost, and the separation of families
• Everyday life - labor and living conditions ... describes work loads, accountability systems, rice cultivation, slave quarters, clothing, and diet
• Everyday death - talks about the constant presence of disease and death in South Carolina's slave community ... also gives info about African-American cemeteries and burial traditions
• In their own words - first-person narratives and histories of South Carolina slaves and ex-slaves
• Black revolts
  – Stono Rebellion - 1739 - the largest slave uprising in America prior to the Revolution - scroll down for additional resources
  – Denmark Vessey's Conspiracy - 1822 - recounts details surrounding Vessey's plot to overtake Charleston ... includes terms of Gullah Jack's sentence and record of Monday Gell's confessions
• South Carolina's slave population - includes breakdowns by year and explains the relationship between SC's high slave population and the lowcountry's unique suitability to rice culture ... also looks at our slave population compared to other Southern states
• Slavery at South Carolina College, 1801-1865 - documenting the role slaves played in the early years of the college that became the University of South Carolina
• White opinion - collection of online letters, diaries, and books written by nineteenth-century white South Carolinians documenting their attitudes toward slavery
  

Freedmen

• What was a freedman? - meanings of the word "freedmen" before and after the Civil War
• Free Persons of Color in Charleston, SC, before the Civil War - everything from where they worked to where they lived ... also explains how they obtained their freedom, the competition they faced from white laborers, and the increasing limits imposed on them by South Carolina's fearful white government
• Mitchelville: Experiment in Freedom - begun on Hilton Head Island in 1862 as part of the Port Royal Experiment ... Mitchelville has been called "the place where freedom began" for South Carolina's Sea Island slaves
• A freedman testifies - 1863 - Harry McMillan speaks about black people's lives in bondage and their aspirations in freedom - emphasizes their desire for land
• The Freed Men of South Carolina - 1862 - conditions of Sea Island freedmen according to Port Royal Relief Committee's J. Miller M'Kim
• Brown Fellowship Society - Charleston social club - established 1790 - renamed Century Fellowship Society in 1890 or 1892
  – Additional info - explains the Society's role in securing a burial site (photograph) for its members as well as the subsequent desecration of this site (called Macphelah) by the Catholic Diocese ... also mentions the Society for Free Blacks of Dark Complexion (later called the Brotherly Society), a similar organization which established the Ephrath cemetery for people of pure African descent
• Freedmen's Bureau Records - reports that include information on conditions, laws, land grants, and more
• William Ellison, Jr. – Freedman and Slave Owner - some freed slaves in turn purchased slaves themselves - in fact, by 1860, sources say there were 171 black slaveholders in South Carolina - William Ellison, Jr. (born into slavery under the name of "April") was the largest of these slaveholders, owning 63 men, women, and children

Soldiers, Sailors

• Charleston's Free Blacks During the Civil War
• 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, Colored - United States - first regiment of freed slaves in the South ... combined with two other regiments in 1864 and renamed 33rd US Colored Troops
  – "Dats what dis regiment did for de Epiopian race" - Thomas Long, former slave and private in the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, talks about the meaning of black military service in the Civil War
  – "Reminiscences of My Life in Camp" - the story of the 33rd US Colored Troops, formerly known as the 1st South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, as told by an African-American regimental laundress who was also the wife of one of the soldiers ... incredible, easy-to-read, and includes photographs - scroll down for text
• 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Company One - United States
• 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Company Two - United States
• 105th US Colored Troops - Charleston
• Court Martial of William Walker, 3rd SC Colored Infantry - United States
• Robert Smalls - a Beaufort slave who hijacked a Confederate steamship, disguised himself as a white captain, and sailed to Union safety ... later he became a captain in the US Navy and a representative in the US Congress
  

Related Resources

• Slave Dwelling Project - Kingstree native Joseph McGill, a past program officer for the National Trust for Historic Preservation, documents his overnight stays in rural cabins and urban slave quarters throughout the Southeast to raise public awareness for the need to preserve them
• African American Resources for Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens Counties - bibliography and references to printed resources and archived records
  – African American Life in South Carolina's Upper Piedmont, 1780-1900 - summarization of book by W.J. Megginson
• Documenting the American South - University of North Carolina - online histories of both black and white Southerners - contains info about slavery and what life in the South was like between 1861 and 1865
• Excerpts from Slave Narratives - University of Houston - large collection of narratives and oral histories by ex-slaves from many Southern states
• Lowcountry Africana - Explores and documents the lives of enslaved Americans and how their traditions live on today in the Gullah-Geechee culture
• Piecing the past together - the role of historians and archaeologists in learning about the history of South Carolina's "invisible people" – African-Americans
• Third Person, First Person: Slave Voices from the Special Collections Library - Duke University - bills of sale, receipt books, letters, and other documents shed light on the "life experiences of American slaves" - includes many South Carolina resources
  

What was the percentage of slaves in South Carolina in 1860?

How many slaves were brought to South Carolina?

How many slaves were in the South in the year 1850?

Which state had the least slaves in 1860?