I can’t help but think about what a critical role temperature plays in everything that we do. We use temperature to help us decide what to wear, how to prepare our food, diagnose illness, and determine where and when we take vacation. Of course, temperature measurement plays an important role in the laboratory too. The physical properties and characteristics of the materials that we test are influenced, as least in part, by temperature. Inarguably, accurate temperature measurement is one of the most critical components of laboratory testing. Measuring Temperature in the Laboratory Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Dissecting the LiG Thermometer The Bulb Figure 1: Anatomy of a LiG Thermometer Stem Auxiliary Scale Contraction Chamber Expansion Chamber Mercury and Mercury-Thallium Thermometers In recent years, concerns over the toxicity of mercury have caused many states to prohibit or limit the use of mercury-containing devices. In fact, one of the world’s leading institutions on temperature measurement, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), recently announced that they will no longer provide calibration services for mercury thermometers. To know more about mercury reduction initiatives, please see my article, “Getting Rid of Mercury: A New Frontier for Temperature Measurement.” Nevertheless, few liquids have been found to mimic the thermometric properties of mercury in repeatability and accuracy of temperature measurement. Toxic though it may be, when it comes to LiG thermometers, mercury is still hard to beat. Spirit-Filled LiG Thermometers Organic liquids generally have inferior performance to mercury, and can leave a film on the glass as the liquid drains down the capillary wall. Separation of the fluid column is also known to be a common problem with spirit-filled thermometers. In addition, they tend to have a greater sensitivity to changes in stem temperature, which is a fundamental limitation in their use. These thermometers also have different capillary and bulb dimensions than mercury LiG thermometers, causing differences in response time and immersion characteristics. Spirit-filled thermometers are used in some low-temperature applications, as they can be used at temperatures as low as -200°C, which is well beyond the capabilities of mercury or mercury-thallium thermometers. ASTM E 1 covers specifics regarding spirit-filled LiG thermometers. Any thermometers described in ASTM E 1 which should contain toluene or other suitable liquids are specifically designated as such. At the time that this article was written, ASTM E 1 only contains specifications for two spirit-filled thermometers. These thermometers are specifically designed for use at extreme-cold temperatures at which it is not feasible to use mercury. Low-Hazard Precision LiG Thermometers The thermal expansion properties of the non-toxic fluids used in low-hazard precision LiG thermometers can be quite different from that of mercury. The bulb and capillary size required to achieve a similar movement along the thermometer scale can vary from that of its mercury counterpart. The surface tension of these liquids varies from mercury, causing differences in the meniscus. In addition, low-hazard precision liquids tend to react to change in temperature at a rate different from that of mercury, and should not be used when rate of rise or other time-temperature relationships are an important part of the test procedure. While these devices are great alternatives for some applications, their range in use is quite limited. Immersion Depth Figure 2: Immersion Depths for LiG Thermometers Total Immersion Thermometers Total immersion thermometers are commonly used in constant-temperature baths as a means of monitoring the bath’s temperature. For example, total immersion thermometers are used in kinematic and absolute viscosity baths. Partial Immersion Thermometers Partial immersion thermometers are commonly used in applications where total immersion thermometers are impractical or impossible to use. For instance, if the depth of a temperature bath is only 100 mm, a total immersion thermometer with a length of 300 mm is impossible to immerse correctly. In this case, a partial immersion thermometer with an immersion depth of 76 mm is a better choice. In addition, if a rapid, one-time temperature measurement is required, such as in soil specific gravity or hydrometer testing, a partial immersion thermometer works best. Complete Immersion Thermometers What’s the Big Deal? Immersion depth plays an important role in how the liquid inside of the device will react. If the portion of the thermometer containing mercury is meant to be submerged in the test medium (i.e. a total immersion thermometer), but is left exposed, the liquid will not behave as intended. The error incurred can vary greatly, and is dependent upon the temperature scale of the thermometer, the type of liquid used, and the emergent stem temperature. It is possible to obtain errors as large as several degrees by improper immersion of a LiG thermometer. These errors generally tend to be larger with spirit-filled devices than with mercury-filled ones. It is possible to apply a correction for intentional immersion of either a total or partial immersion thermometer at a point other than that which it was designed for. ASTM E 77, Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers, describes procedures that may be used to calculate these corrections. Corrections cannot be made for complete-immersion thermometers that are immersed improperly. Why is liquid in glass thermometer used?Mercury is the only one in liquid state at room temperature. It's used in thermometers because it has high coefficient of expansion. Hence, the slightest change in temperature is notable when it's used in a thermometer. It also has a high boiling point which makes it very suitable to measure higher temperatures.
What is a Galileo thermometer filled with?What is the clear liquid in a Galileo thermometer? The clear liquid in a Galileo thermometer is ethanol, a colorless volatile liquid with very little odor. Although its density is less than water, it varies depending on the temperature, even more so than water.
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