1 Show _______ _______ is the study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution, age structure, and population size. 2 A _________ is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area. 3 _________ is the number of individuals per unit area or volume. 4 __________ is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population. 5 The _________ ________ of a population refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area. They can be clumped, uniform, and random. 6 __________ is the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time. 7 a _______ ________ is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population. 8 _________ _______ plot the proportion of individuals alive at each age. 9 Type ___: low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase in death rates among older age groups. 10 Type ___: the death rate is constant over the organisms's life span. 11 Type ___: high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors. 12 __________ growth model: the rate of population increases under ideal conditions, and cannot be sustained for long in any population. 13 ________ growth model: this growth model takes into account limiting factors, environmental factors that restrict population growth. 14 __-selection, or density-dependent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction. 15 __-selection, or density-inependent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction. 16 In density-___________ populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density. 17 In density-__________ populations, birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density. 18 the study of ________ ________ focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size. 19 ___________ are groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration. 20 The _________ _________ concept summarizes the aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation. 21 Population ecologists are primarily interested in 22 A population is correctly defined as having which of the following characteristics? I.
inhabiting the same general area A) I only 23 An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing? 24 During the spring, you are studying the mice that live in a field near your home. The population density is high, but you realize that you rarely observe any reproductive female mice. This most likely indicates 25 Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with 26 To construct a reproductive table for a sexual species, one needs to 27 Which of the following sets of measurements is the most useful when studying populations? 28 Which of the following scenarios would provide the most legitimate data on population density? 29 Which of the following best defines a cohort? 30 Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = A. SEE IMAGE 31 Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population of bacteria that
reproduce by binary fission every 20 minutes at the end of a 2-hour time period? (Assume unlimited resources and no mortality.) 32 Which of the following is the equation for zero population growth (ZPG)? 33 In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately
302,000,000 people. How many Americans were there in July 2009, if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%? 34 In 2008, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,275,000 people. If the birth rate was 14 births for every 1,000 people, approximately how many births occurred in New Zealand in 2008? 35 Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = A. SEE IMAGE 36 As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation? 37 In models of logistic population growth, 38 Carrying capacity is 39 Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from an exponential to a logistic population growth? 40 Which of the following statements about the evolution of life histories is correct? 41 Which of the following is characteristic of K-selected populations? 42 Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations? 43 Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity? 44 Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth? 45 An ecological footprint is a construct that is useful 46 Which statement best explains survivorship curve B? 47 A population's carrying capacity 48 During exponential growth, a population always 49 Why do some invertebrates, such as lobsters, show a "stair-step" survivorship curve? 50 Consider two forests: one is an undisturbed old-growth forest, while the other has recently been logged. In which forest are species likely to experience exponential growth, and why? 51 Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between 52 In which of the following situations would you expect to find the largest number of K-selected individuals? 53 Which of the following was the most significant limiting factor in human population growth in the 20th century? 54 Which curve best describes survivorship in marine molluscs? 55 Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants? 56 Which curve best describes survivorship in a marine crustacean that molts? 57 Which curve best describes survivorship in humans who live in undeveloped nations? 58 Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to 59 A recent study
of ecological footprints concluded that 60 The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that 61 According to the logistic growth equation SEE IMAGE A) the number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close to zero. 62 Which of the following statements about human population in industrialized countries is incorrect? What animals have a Type 1 survivorship curve?Humans and most primates have a Type I survivorship curve. In a Type I curve, organisms tend not to die when they are young or middle-aged but, instead, die when they become elderly.
What animal has a Type 2 survivorship curve?For populations with Type II survivorship, the mortality of an individual does not depend on its age. Commonly listed examples of this include rodents, adult birds, and certain turtle species.
What animals have a Type 3 survivorship curve?The Type III curve, characteristic of small mammals, fishes, and invertebrates, is the opposite: it describes organisms with a high death rate (or low survivorship rate) immediately following birth. In contrast, the Type II curve considers birds, mice, and other organisms characterized by a relatively constant…
What does Type 2 survivorship curve mean?A type II survivorship curve shows a roughly constant mortality rate for the species through its entire life. This means that the individual's chance of dying is independent of their age. Type II survivorship curves are plotted as a diagonal line going downward on a graph.
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