Which of the following best describes the Tonkin Gulf Resolution?

Political Science 3500: American Foreign Policy���������������������������������������� ����������� ������� Fall 2006

Final Exam

Part I: Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Mark the letter on the computer-readable form sheet.(1 point per question; 70 points total)

1. Which term best describes currentU.S.foreign policy since 2001?

A) Isolationist

B) Multilateral

C) Unilateralist

D) Imperialist

2. Which of the following best describes the principle that the executive branch and Congress share foreign-policy powers?

A) The presidential model

B) The legislative model

C) The constitutional balance model

D) The bureaucratic model

3. Which of the following is NOT a formal power granted to the president by the Constitution?

A) Declaring war on other countries when necessary

B) Negotiating and signing treaties

C) Appointing cabinet secretaries and ambassadors

D) Acting as commander in chief of the armed forces

4. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of an imperial presidency?

A) A president who has great deal of autonomy and power regarding foreign affairs

B) A president who does not cooperate with Congress

C) A president who acts as his own secretary of state and defense

D) A president who aligned withGreat Britainafter the Revolutionary War

5. Which one of the following presidents had a substantial foreign-policy background prior to being elected and taking office?

A) President Bill Clinton

B) President George W. Bush

C) President Ronald Reagan

D) President George H. W. Bush

6. Which of the following is usually not among the limitations of presidential power in US foreign policy?

A) Time constraints

B) Previous commitments

C) Opinion leadership

D) Bureaucratic limits

7. Which of the following does NOT require the Senate�s formal approval?

A) A fiscal budget

B) International treaties

C) Executive agreements

D) Appointments of cabinet officials

8. Which of the following officials served as President Nixon�s national security adviser?

A) Gordon Liddy

B) Henry Kissinger

C) Zbigniew Brzezinski

D) George H. W. Bush

9. Which of the following statements best describes the role of the Supreme Court concerning the presidency and foreign-policy issues?

A) The Supreme Court generally rules in favor of whatever political party is in control at the time.

B) The Supreme Court never rules on foreign-policy issues because it is a domestic court.

C) The Supreme Court cannot rule on military issues but can rule on other foreign-policy areas.

D) The Supreme Court generally considers issues of foreign policy as political issues and therefore does not have the power to intervene on non-legal questions.

10. Which of the following actions was taken by Congress in the late 1990s under the leadership of Senator Jesse Helms?

A) Passed an amendment barring arms sales and military aid to violators of human rights

B) Refused to pay United Nations dues

C) Ordered a complete restructuring of intelligence agencies

D) Increased the international affairs budget

11. During the height of the cold war (1950s through 1970), which of the following was true of presidential-congressional relations?

A) Generally disagreed over the means and ends ofU.S.foreign policy

B) No distinct pattern of relations

C) Generally depended on which party controlled Congress

D) Generally agreed over the means and ends ofU.S.foreign policy

12. Congress tends to play the most active role in which of the following foreign-policy areas that is perhaps the most �intermestic�?

A) Immigration

B) National security

C) Terrorism and counterterrorism

D) Funding foreign military interventions and covert operations

13. Congressional power in foreign policy consists of

A Legislative oversight

B) Congressional advise and consent

C) Power of the purse

D) All of the above.

14. Most experts agree that members of Congress failed to play their oversight role and gave President Johnson a �blank check� when they passed which of the following?

A Platt Amendment

B) Great Society Act

C)GulfofTonkinResolution

D) War Powers Resolution

15. After the cold war, Congress became more involved in foreign policy by focusing on which types of issues?

A Intermestic issues like immigration and trade

B) Security issues like covert operations and counterintelligence

C) Strategic issues like nuclear arms control and proliferation

D Domestic issues like terrorism and military reform

16. Who will be the new chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee come January 2007?

A Joseph Biden

B) Carl Levin

C) John Warner

D) John McCain

17. Which of the following best describes the concept of a new isolationism after the end of the Cold War?

A) A general trend by Congress to desire disengagement from global policies and involvement

B) A general trend by Congress to focus attention on global and transnational issues while isolating themselves from domestic issues

C) A general trend by Congress not to cooperate or engage with the White House on foreign-policy issues

D) A general trend by the American public to have animosity toward their congressional representatives

18. Which of the following is often considered to be the strongest foreign-policy power of Congress?

A) War powers after the controversial War Powers Resolution of 1973

B) Approving cabinet and ambassador appointees

C) Power of the purse

D) Fact-finding missions and diplomatic task forces

19. Which of the following is a characteristic of the foreign-policy bureaucracy in theU.S.political system, often exemplified by the Department of State and the Department of Defense?

A) Hidden cohesion and harmony

B) External unity and agreement

C) Internal fragmentation and conflict

D) Open hostility and disrespect

20. Which of the following is NOT a factor that provides power to bureaucrats in foreign-policy making?

A) Presidential limitations of time and resources

B) Congressional deference in foreign policy areas

C) Organizational expertise in foreign policy issues

D) Electoral linkage and public support

21. The current Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is

A) John D. Negroponte

B) General Michael V. Hayden

C) Dr. Robert M. Gates

D) Stephen J. Hadley

22. Which of the following best describes the concept of interservice rivalry?

A) Conflicts between branches of the armed services and congressional representatives

B) Conflicts between generals and the White House staff

C) Conflicts between generals and civilians

D) Separate and often conflicting organizational cultures leading to disunity in the intelligence community and armed services

23. The intelligence failures in the executive branch uncovered by the 9-11 Commission represent all of the following concepts EXCEPT

A) presidential limitations of information processing.

B) congressional activism and effective oversight.

C) interservice rivalries that impede information sharing.

D) organizational cultures that inhibit �connecting the dots�.

24. Which of the following best describes interstate diplomacy?

A) The interactions among representatives of two or more states involving matters of policy

B) The planning and conduct of everyday foreign-policy decisions

C) The relationships between Congress, the president, and the bureaucracy regarding foreign policy

D) The ways in which bureaucracies solve collective-action problems

25. What is the title of the individual in charge of theU.S.diplomatic corps?

A) Chief Foreign Service Officer

B) National Security Adviser

C) Secretary of State

D) Secretary of Defense

26. TheUnited Stateshas approximately how many embassies, consulates and diplomatic missions abroad?

A) 90

B) 120

C) 180

D) 320

27. TheU.S.trade representative generally advocates which of the following concepts of economic foreign policy?

A) Fair trade at any cost

B) Trade tariffs

C) Non-cooperation with the World Trade Organization

D) In principle free trade, but sometimes trade protectionism

28. Which of the following refers to the president�s ability to manipulate and gauge public opinion?

A) An imperial president who ignores the public and Congress

B) A public relations presidency that uses polls and the �bully pulpit�

C) An institutional president who is captured by bureaucratic interests

D) A president who �goes public� with his personal beliefs

29. Which of the following is the smallest group of people with regards to influential opinions and greatest impact on foreign policy?

A) Disengaged public

B) Attentive public

C) Foreign-policy elite

D) Mass public

30. An elitist view holds that the role of public opinion and interest groups in foreign policy is

A) pragmatic, prudent, but never relevant to the policy-making process.

B) stable, coherent, and completely irrelevant to the policy-making process.

C) stable, pragmatic, and always dominant in the policy-making process.

D) volatile, incoherent, but sometimes relevant to the policy-making process.

31. How does public opinion most likely influence foreign-policy leaders?

A) It opens options and choices based on ingrained sets of values, attitudes, and preferences.

B) It narrows options and choices based on ingrained sets of values, attitudes, and preferences.

C) It forces journalists to cover the most relevant and pragmatic stories.

D) It provides support for policies during and after crisis situations that otherwise would not have been supported.

32. What is the concept that refers to theU.S.public�s decreased support since the mid-1970s for military interventions and activism?

A) The Fox News effect

B) The diversionary theory of war

C) The isolationism effect

D) TheVietnamSyndrome

33. President George W. Bush�s rise in public approval after 2001 can best be attributed to which of the following factors?

A) Diversionary theory of war

B) The CNN effect

C) The rally-around-the-flag effect

D) Latent public opinion

34. The rapid pace at which news and transnational issues are reported to the public is part of which of the following concepts?

A) Living-room news

B) The CNN effect

C) Rooftop journalism

D) Parachute journalism

35. Approximately how many NGOs have consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council?

A) 20

B) 100

C) 2,000

D) 10,000

36. Halliburton and Wal-Mart are examples of which of the following?

A) Nongovernmental organizations

B) International organizations

C) Political action committees

D) Multinational corporations

37. Which president warned of the dangers of a military-industrial complex?

A) Woodrow Wilson

B) Dwight D. Eisenhower

C) Harry S. Truman

D) John F. Kennedy

38. Which of the following is the informal body of industrialized countries that meet and plan regarding issues of globalization and economic markets?

A) Group of 8 (G-8)

B) Organization of Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD)

C) World Bank

D) Group of 77 (G-77)

39. Which of the following is the United Nations� primary agent for solving and dealing with international conflicts?

A) International Conflict Tribunal

B) Security Council

C) General Assembly

D) International Court of Justice

40. TheUnited Statesprovides approximately how much of the United Nations� funding?

A) 5 percent

B) 25 percent

C) 75 percent

D) 100 percent

41. Which institution is commonly associated with the concept of regional integration inEurope?

A) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

B) Coalition of the Willing

C) Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

D) European Union (EU)

42. Approximately how much did theUnited Statesspend on Official Development Assistance (ODA) in 2005?

A) $100 million

B) $ 27 billion

C) $500 billion

D) $1 trillion

43. Approximately how much did theUnited Statesspend on defense in 2005?

A) $100 million

B) $ 27 billion

C) $500 billion

D) $1 trillion

44. In which of the following types of warfare is theUnited Statesmost likely to engage?

A) Military operations other than a full-scale war

B) Low-intensity conflicts that last decades

C) Conventional war

D) Nuclear war

45. Which of the following is NOT an aspect ofU.S.strategic culture?

A) National exceptionalism

B) Sense of moralism

C) Ambivalence toward world affairs

D) Use of asymmetric warfare

46. Which of the following conflicts is the best example of the constraints of public opinion onU.S.military policy?

A) Korean War 1950-53

B) Somalian relief efforts 1992-93

C) Persian Gulf War 1991

D)Afghanistaninvasion 2001

47. Which of the following terms refers to the translation of political and security means to military ends?

A) Massive retaliation

B) Tactics

C) Strategy

D) Deterrence

48. TheU.S.military first used �smart bombs� and �bunker busters� guided by lasers in which of the following conflicts?

A) Overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan 2001

B) Bombings in Kosovo 1999

C) Conflict inBosnia1995

D) FirstIraqWar 1991

49. Which military doctrine requires thatU.S.forces have an exit strategy?

A) Truman Doctrine

B) Primacy and preemption doctrine

C) Powell Doctrine

D) Engagement and enlargement doctrine

50. The Cuban missile crisis was an example of which of the following?

A) Coercive diplomacy

B) War of necessity

C)Missioncreep

D) Preventive war

51. Economic liberalism and free trade are views of the international political economy that promote which of the following?

A) Economic equality between workers and traders

B) Tariffs on foreign imports

C) Government subsidies to agricultural and commercial multinational corporations

D)Enterprisefree from government intervention

52. Protectionist trade policies are often associated with which model of political economy?

A) Socialism and Communism

B) Mercantilism or Economic Nationalism

C) Liberalism and Free Trade

D) Geoeconomics and Fair Trade

53. Approximately how much does theUnited Statesproduce annually in goods and services?

A) $110 million

B) $100 billion

C) $1 trillion

D) $11 trillion

54. Which of the following countries is the top recipient ofU.S.exports?

A)Canada

B)China

C)Mexico

D)Russia

55. What does it mean to say that theUnited Statesexperienced a trade deficit in the 1980s?

A) It imported more than it spent on the government budget.

B) It imported more goods and services than it exported.

C) It exported more goods and services than it imported.

D) It lost money on foreign aid and direct investments.

56. How are floating exchange rates since the early 1970s set?

A) By comparing each currency to the value of gold reserves held by theUnited States

B) By basing the value of money on what the IMF determines is representative of trade balances

C) By determining the value of each currency compared with the values of other currencies on foreign-exchange markets

D) By countries without high inflation rates determining the value of money

57. What did the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of June 1930 do?

A) Globalized economic markets to help theUnited Statesout of the Great Depression

B) Increased the amount of goods coming in fromEurope

C) Placed tariffs on goods coming into theUnited States

D) Shifted the responsibility of trade policies to the executive branch

58. Which of the following best describesU.S.foreign aid?

A) The lowest level in the world as a percentage of federal spending and gross national product

B) The lowest amount in the world as a whole

C) Not given to countries in theMiddle East

D) Given only to countries with open economic markets

59. Which of the following is a restriction on the import of another country�s goods or services?

A) Embargo, e.g. the naval blockade ofCubain 1962

B) Boycott, e.g. legal ban on importing Cuban cigars into theUnited States

C) Divestment, e.g. the withdrawal of investment funds fromSouth Africain the 1980s

D) Tariff, like the additional taxes imposed on French �luxury goods� like champagne and parfume

60. Which of the following terms refers to countries benefiting from the collective efforts of others while not sharing in the costs?

A) Coordination problems

B) Tragedy of the commons

C) Free-rider problems

D) Negative externalities

61. Which country�s government did recently announce that it convinced the North Koreans to return to the six-party talks regarding their nuclear program?

A)Japan

B)China

C) South Korea

D)United States

62. Which one of the following countries was chosen as the compromise candidate to representLatin Americaas a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council?

A)Venezuela

B)Guatemala

C) Panama

D)Cuba

63. The Kyoto Protocol focuses on which of the following problems?

A) Deforestation

B) Nuclear weapons proliferation

C) Population control

D) Global warming

64. Which Middle Eastern country is the topU.S.oil supplier?

A)Saudi Arabia

B)Egypt

C)Venezuela

D)Iraq

65. TheUnited Statessupplies what percentage of the world�s global arms transfers and military aid?

A) 0 percent

B) 10 percent

C) 50 percent

D) 90 percent

66. Where was the most recent Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) summit held?

A)China

B)Vietnam

C) India

D)Australia

67. Which of the following best describes an illiberal democracy likeVenezuela?

A) A country where an election takes place but the elected leader then suppresses political rights

B) A country where the election is �rigged� or highly influenced by theUnited States

C) A country where an election occurs but the majority of the population cannot participate

D) A country where political leaders are chosen by the public in a method that is not consistent with free elections

68. The co-chairmen of the Iraqi Study Group are:

A) James Baker, III and Lee Hamilton

B) Bill Frist and Nancy Pelosi

C) John McCain and Hillary Clinton

D) Dick Cheney and Don Rumsfeld

69. The report of the Iraq Study Group recommends that the Bush Administration should stop its refusal to talk to the governments of the following two countries about the future ofIraq:

A)IraqandAfghanistan

B)IranandSyria

C)JordanandSaudi Arabia

D)IsraelandTurkey

70. The two major recommendations of the Iraq Study Group essentially are:

A) to withdraw immediately allUStroops fromIraqand see who emerges the winner from the chaos of civil war.

B) to stay the course and deploy more US troops toIraq.

C) to cut and run.

D) externally to engage in a regional diplomatic effort and internally to set clear objectives for the Iraqi government and its forces to take over more responsibility and gradually withdraw US combat troops.

Part II: Short Answer/Definitions

Define and describe two of the following three terms or concepts in one page or less per question in your exam book. List and explain their main characteristics and use specific examples from the readings and/or class lectures to illustrate your answer (5 points per question; 10 points total.

1. War Power

2. Trade sanctions

3. Preemptive defense

Part III: Essay

Answer one of the following two essay questions. Address all parts of the question. Be brief, specific, and use examples from the readings, lectures, and class discussions as evidence for the points you are trying to make. Write your answer legibly in your exam book (20 points per question; 20 points total).

1. Describe briefly the main institutional actors inUSforeign policy making and compare their powers. What are the primary functions of each office or agency and what role do they play in the foreign policy making process? What are the formal, constitutional sources or the informal, political bases of each institutional actor�s powers? How have the powers and influence of these different actors changed over time, if at all? What were the key events and evidence that indicate a shift of power from some actor(s) or branch(es) of government to others? Would you distinguish certain eras in which one actor or institution clearly dominated the others and why?

2. What is the full range of foreign policy measures at the disposal of theU.S.government to influence foreign governments or groups? What are the extreme poles of actions theU.S.government can take in times of conflict or crisis? Describe a range of diplomatic, economic, and military options and the conditions under which you think they are most appropriate to use. Give historical and/or current examples whenUSadministrations used the different options you are describing. Indicate whether you think those measures worked or didn�t, i.e. they achieved their goal or failed.

What did the Tonkin Gulf Resolution do?

Which of the following best describes the result of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

What was the Tonkin Gulf Resolution quizlet?

Which best describes how the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution affected US involvement in the Vietnam War quizlet?