Which type of metal is not commonly used to form ionic compounds in metal hydroxide relaxers?

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The natural pH of hair is between 4.5 and 5.5.
Disulfide bonds cannot typically be broken by water.
You should always perform an elasticity test before perming a client's hair.
Alkaline permanent waving solutions tighten the cuticle, causing the hair to contract and curl.
When perming porous hair, you should use a highly alkaline permanent waving solution.
In permanent waving, most of the processing takes place toward the end of the processing time, after about 15 to 20 minutes.
When perming a client's hair, you should rinse the hair with a strong blast of hot water.
When wrapping hair for a perm, you should always wrap against the natural growth pattern.
Normalizing lotions have an acidic pH.
When performing a hair relaxing service, you should never apply a hydroxide relaxer on hair that has been previously treated with a thio relaxer.
Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
amino acids
Strong chemical side bonds formed when the sulfur atoms in two adjacent protein chains are joined together.
disulfide bonds
Weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges.
hydrogen bonds
Long, coiled polypeptide chains.
keratin proteins
Chemical bonds that join amino acids together, end-to-end, in long chains.
peptide bonds
Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
polypeptide chains
Adding wave or curl to the hair is called:
permanent waving
The tough exterior layer of the hair structure is called the:
Which of these is NOT one of the three types of side bonds that cross-link the polypeptide chains that make up the cortex?
In the restructuring process, coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is:
highly alkaline
Which of the side bonds is strongest?
disulfide bonds
Hydrogen bonds can be broken by:
water or heat
During the client consultation, Citra identifies Holly's hair as mildly porous. With this in mind, which type of perm would be an appropriate choice for Holly?
acid-balanced wave
During the client consultation, Citra discussed the different types of curls that they could achieve, and Holly decided that she would prefer curls that are tighter in the center and looser on the ends. With this in mind, which type of perm rod should Citra use when perming Holly's hair?
concave rod
Citra is using the basic permanent wrap method to perm Holly's hair. As Citra divides Holly's hair into panels, how wide should she make them?
equal to the length of the rod
As Citra perms Holly's hair, she should:
check the nape of the neck for excess moisture prior to neutralizing the hair
About how long should it take for Holly's hair to process?
less than 20 minutes
Breaking the side bonds of the _____ makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.
A(n) _____ is a relatively weak physical side bond that is the result of an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges.
salt bond
The reduction reaction in permanent waving is due to the addition of _____.
In permanent waving, _____ stops the action of the waving solution and rebuilds the hair into its new curly form.
thio neutralization
The most common type of perm rods are _____ rods.
The _____ wrap is a perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped.
double flat
When you use _____ placement, you wrap the hair at 45 degrees below the center of the base section.
In a(n) _____ perm wrap, the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod.
When using the piggyback technique, you should place the base rod in the middle of the strand and then wrap the strand:
one revolution around the rod while holding the strand to the side of the rod
When applying hydroxide relaxer to virgin hair, you should:
apply relaxer to the top of the strand first
What will happen if you use a spiral wrap when perming a client's hair?
The size of the curl will remain constant along the entire length of the strand
Chemical texture procedures involve changing the structure of the hair:
both physically and chemically
The natural pH of hair is between:
4.5 and 5.5
Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur are:
amino acids
Peptide bonds are also known as:
end bonds
The strongest of the three side bonds are:
disulfide
Salt bonds are broken by:
changes in pH
Which end paper technique uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope?
bookend wrap
Base placement is determined by the:
angle at which the hair is wrapped
For _____ placement, the hair is wrapped at a 45-degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned on its base.
In half off-base placement, the hair is wrapped at an angle of:
90 degrees or perpendicular to the base section
A _____ perm wrap is wrapped perpendicular to the length of the rod, in overlapping concentric layers.
The strength of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of:
What is the active ingredient in alkaline permanents?
ammonium thioglycolate
Cold wave is another term for a(n) _____ wave.
What is the main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balanced waving lotions?
True acid waves have a pH between:
4.5 and 7.0
A pH of _____ is neutral for hair.
What kind of waves are sulfites used in?
What two important functions are performed by the neutralization process?
deactivating waving solution and rebuilding disulfide bonds
Thio neutralization rebuilds disulfide bonds by:
removing hydrogen
The basic permanent wrap is also known as a:
straight set wrap
Which wrapping pattern uses pie-shaped base sections?
curvature permanent wrap
The measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows is:
viscosity
The neutralizer used with thio relaxers is usually:
hydrogen peroxide
Which straightening method combines use of a thio relaxer with flat ironing?
Japanese thermal straightening
Hydroxide relaxers remove one atom of sulfur from a disulfide bond, converting it into a _____ bond.
lanthionine
Guanidine hydroxide relaxers are advertised and sold as _____ relaxers.
What is used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing?
base cream
The application for a virgin relaxer starts _____ away from the scalp.
1/4-inch to 1/2-inch
A _____ is a thio-based chemical service that reformats curly and wavy hair into looser and larger curls and waves.
soft curl permanent
A _____ is a conditioner with an acidic pH that conditions hair and restores the natural pH prior to shampooing.
normalizing lotion
Generally, keratin straightening treatments eliminate up to what percent of frizz and curl?
95 percent
The side bonds of the _____ must be broken in order to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.
Which type of hair requires a highly alkaline chemical solution?
coarse, resistant hair
Polypeptide chains are long chains of amino acids joined together by _____ bonds.
A _____ bond is NOT a type of side bond.
Hydrogen bonds can be broken by:
water or heat
Disulfide bonds account for about _____ of the hair's overall strength.
one-third
The base direction can be:
horizontal, vertical, or diagonal
The reduction reaction in permanent waving is due to the:
addition of hydrogen
Which of these is NOT a component of all exothermic waves?
hydroxide relaxer
Which type of metal is NOT commonly used to form ionic compounds in metal hydroxide relaxers?
magnesium (Mg)
When the silicone polymers and formalin in keratin-based straightening treatments are heated to high temperatures, they release:
formaldehyde gas
An acid-balanced wave has a pH of:
A properly processed permanent wave should break and rebuild approximately _____ percent of the hair's disulfide bonds.
Which type of perm should you recommend if the client has very damaged hair?
true acid wave
Underprocessed hair is usually:
straighter at the scalp and curlier at the ends
What is the primary benefit of ammonia-free waves?
They do not have a strong odor.
The strength of any permanent wave is based on the:
concentration of its reducing agent
Overprocessed hair:
occurs when too many disulfide bonds are broken
The first function of thio neutralization is the:
deactivation of any remaining waving lotion
When performing a perm, you should always:
smell the hair after the recommended time has elapsed
A preliminary test curl will NOT answer which of these questions?
Is the client allergic to any of the products that will be used?
How long is a typical soft bender rod?
12 inches
Which method of wrapping provides the most control over the hair ends?
double flat wrap
With the _____, base sections are offset from each other row by row.
bricklay permanent wrap
The _____ uses zigzag partings to divide base areas.
weave technique
The double-rod wrap technique is especially effective on _____ hair.
When performing a permanent wave, you should:
immediately replace towels that have become wet with solution
When performing a test to determine whether metallic salts are present, the hair will _____ in the solution if metallic salts are present.
lighten rapidly
Thio relaxers use the same ATG that is used in permanent waving, but at a:
higher concentration and a higher pH
Hydroxide relaxers are:
very strong alkalis
Which type of relaxers are commonly called lye relaxers?
sodium hydroxide
The sulfites used as low-pH hair relaxers are compatible with:
thio relaxers
It is recommended that you apply base cream when using:
both base relaxers and no-base relaxers
A super-strength relaxer is recommended if the client has _____ hair.
extremely curly
When performing a chemical hair relaxing service, it is appropriate to:
conduct periodic strand tests during the service
Which type of wave is activated by an outside heat source, such as a conventional hood-type hair dryer?
endothermic
Which type of relaxers are commonly called lye relaxers?
What chemical below must not be used on hair that is treated with hydroxide relaxers?
Which relaxer contains only one component and is used without mixing?
What is the most common type of perm rod?

The natural pH of hair is between 4.5 and 5.5.

true

Disulfide bonds cannot typically be broken by water.

true

You should always perform an elasticity test before perming a client's hair.

true

Alkaline permanent waving solutions tighten the cuticle, causing the hair to contract and curl.

false

When perming porous hair, you should use a highly alkaline permanent waving solution.

false

In permanent waving, most of the processing takes place toward the end of the processing time, after about 15 to 20 minutes.

false

When perming a client's hair, you should rinse the hair with a strong blast of hot water.

false

When wrapping hair for a perm, you should always wrap against the natural growth pattern.

false

Normalizing lotions have an acidic pH.

true

When performing a hair relaxing service, you should never apply a hydroxide relaxer on hair that has been previously treated with a thio relaxer.

true

Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

amino acids

Strong chemical side bonds formed when the sulfur atoms in two adjacent protein chains are joined together.

disulfide bonds

Weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges.

hydrogen bonds

Long, coiled polypeptide chains.

keratin proteins

Chemical bonds that join amino acids together, end-to-end, in long chains.

peptide bonds

Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

polypeptide chains

Adding wave or curl to the hair is called:

permanent waving

The tough exterior layer of the hair structure is called the:

cuticle

Which of these is NOT one of the three types of side bonds that cross-link the polypeptide chains that make up the cortex?

nitrogen

In the restructuring process, coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is:

highly alkaline

Which of the side bonds is strongest?

disulfide bonds

Hydrogen bonds can be broken by:

water or heat

During the client consultation, Citra identifies Holly's hair as mildly porous. With this in mind, which type of perm would be an appropriate choice for Holly?

acid-balanced wave

During the client consultation, Citra discussed the different types of curls that they could achieve, and Holly decided that she would prefer curls that are tighter in the center and looser on the ends. With this in mind, which type of perm rod should Citra use when perming Holly's hair?

concave rod

Citra is using the basic permanent wrap method to perm Holly's hair. As Citra divides Holly's hair into panels, how wide should she make them?

equal to the length of the rod

As Citra perms Holly's hair, she should:

check the nape of the neck for excess moisture prior to neutralizing the hair

About how long should it take for Holly's hair to process?

less than 20 minutes

Breaking the side bonds of the _____ makes it possible to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.

cortex

A(n) _____ is a relatively weak physical side bond that is the result of an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges.

salt bond

The reduction reaction in permanent waving is due to the addition of _____.

hydrogen

In permanent waving, _____ stops the action of the waving solution and rebuilds the hair into its new curly form.

thio neutralization

The most common type of perm rods are _____ rods.

concave

The _____ wrap is a perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped.

double flat

When you use _____ placement, you wrap the hair at 45 degrees below the center of the base section.

off-base

In a(n) _____ perm wrap, the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod.

spiral

When using the piggyback technique, you should place the base rod in the middle of the strand and then wrap the strand:

one revolution around the rod while holding the strand to the side of the rod

When applying hydroxide relaxer to virgin hair, you should:

apply relaxer to the top of the strand first

What will happen if you use a spiral wrap when perming a client's hair?

The size of the curl will remain constant along the entire length of the strand

Chemical texture procedures involve changing the structure of the hair:

both physically and chemically

The natural pH of hair is between:

4.5 and 5.5

Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur are:

amino acids

Peptide bonds are also known as:

end bonds

The strongest of the three side bonds are:

disulfide

Salt bonds are broken by:

changes in pH

Which end paper technique uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope?

bookend wrap

Base placement is determined by the:

angle at which the hair is wrapped

For _____ placement, the hair is wrapped at a 45-degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned on its base.

on-base

In half off-base placement, the hair is wrapped at an angle of:

90 degrees or perpendicular to the base section

A _____ perm wrap is wrapped perpendicular to the length of the rod, in overlapping concentric layers.

spiral

The strength of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of:

thio

What is the active ingredient in alkaline permanents?

ammonium thioglycolate

Cold wave is another term for a(n) _____ wave.

alkaline

What is the main active ingredient in true acid and acid-balanced waving lotions?

GMTG

True acid waves have a pH between:

4.5 and 7.0

A pH of _____ is neutral for hair.

5

What kind of waves are sulfites used in?

low-pH

What two important functions are performed by the neutralization process?

deactivating waving solution and rebuilding disulfide bonds

Thio neutralization rebuilds disulfide bonds by:

removing hydrogen

The basic permanent wrap is also known as a:

straight set wrap

Which wrapping pattern uses pie-shaped base sections?

curvature permanent wrap

The measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows is:

viscosity

The neutralizer used with thio relaxers is usually:

hydrogen peroxide

Which straightening method combines use of a thio relaxer with flat ironing?

Japanese thermal straightening

Hydroxide relaxers remove one atom of sulfur from a disulfide bond, converting it into a _____ bond.

lanthionine

Guanidine hydroxide relaxers are advertised and sold as _____ relaxers.

no-lye

What is used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing?

base cream

The application for a virgin relaxer starts _____ away from the scalp.

1/4-inch to 1/2-inch

A _____ is a thio-based chemical service that reformats curly and wavy hair into looser and larger curls and waves.

soft curl permanent

A _____ is a conditioner with an acidic pH that conditions hair and restores the natural pH prior to shampooing.

normalizing lotion

Generally, keratin straightening treatments eliminate up to what percent of frizz and curl?

95 percent

The side bonds of the _____ must be broken in order to change the natural wave pattern of the hair.

cortex

Which type of hair requires a highly alkaline chemical solution?

coarse, resistant hair

Polypeptide chains are long chains of amino acids joined together by _____ bonds.

peptide

A _____ bond is NOT a type of side bond.

peptide

Hydrogen bonds can be broken by:

water or heat

Disulfide bonds account for about _____ of the hair's overall strength.

one-third

The base direction can be:

horizontal, vertical, or diagonal

The reduction reaction in permanent waving is due to the:

addition of hydrogen

Which of these is NOT a component of all exothermic waves?

hydroxide relaxer

Which type of metal is NOT commonly used to form ionic compounds in metal hydroxide relaxers?

magnesium (Mg)

When the silicone polymers and formalin in keratin-based straightening treatments are heated to high temperatures, they release:

formaldehyde gas

An acid-balanced wave has a pH of:

7.0

A properly processed permanent wave should break and rebuild approximately _____ percent of the hair's disulfide bonds.

50 true acid wave

Underprocessed hair is usually:

straighter at the scalp and curlier at the ends

What is the primary benefit of ammonia-free waves?

They do not have a strong odor.

The strength of any permanent wave is based on the:

concentration of its reducing agent

Overprocessed hair:

occurs when too many disulfide bonds are broken

The first function of thio neutralization is the:

deactivation of any remaining waving lotion

When performing a perm, you should always:

smell the hair after the recommended time has elapsed

A preliminary test curl will NOT answer which of these questions?

Is the client allergic to any of the products that will be used?

How long is a typical soft bender rod?

12 inches

Which method of wrapping provides the most control over the hair ends?

double flat wrap

With the _____, base sections are offset from each other row by row.

bricklay permanent wrap

The _____ uses zigzag partings to divide base areas.

weave technique

The double-rod wrap technique is especially effective on _____ hair.

long

When performing a permanent wave, you should:

immediately replace towels that have become wet with solution

When performing a test to determine whether metallic salts are present, the hair will _____ in the solution if metallic salts are present.

lighten rapidly

Thio relaxers use the same ATG that is used in permanent waving, but at a:

higher concentration and a higher pH

Hydroxide relaxers are:

very strong alkalis

Which type of relaxers are commonly called lye relaxers?

sodium hydroxide

The sulfites used as low-pH hair relaxers are compatible with:

thio relaxers

It is recommended that you apply base cream when using:

both base relaxers and no-base relaxers

A super-strength relaxer is recommended if the client has _____ hair.

extremely curly

When performing a chemical hair relaxing service, it is appropriate to:

conduct periodic strand tests during the service

Which type of wave is activated by an outside heat source, such as a conventional hood-type hair dryer?

endothermic

Which type of relaxers are commonly called lye relaxers?

Sodium hydroxide relaxers are commonly called lye relaxers. Lye relaxers can be used on wavy, curly or coily hair.

What chemical below must not be used on hair that is treated with hydroxide relaxers?

Chemical Texture Services.

Which relaxer contains only one component and is used without mixing?

All metal hydroxide relaxers contain only one component and are used, without mixing, exactly as they are packaged in the container. The hydroxide ion (OH) is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers.

What is the most common type of perm rod?

These create uniform curls and waves. Concave perm rods: The most commonly used perm rods, concave perm rods measure thinner in the middle and thicker at the ends. Use these rods to create curls of varying tightness.