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Page 2
Author, year
Geography
Type
Exposure
Exposed group
Unexposed group
Intervention outcome
Study design
Primary data
Allais et al., 2015 [27]
France
P
Food labelling
Consumers of supermarket stores
No control group (pre exposure)
Sale of healthy food items
Interrupted time series
No
Barlow et al., 2017 [28]
Canada
P
Tariff/trade agreement
Residents in country with tax on sugar sweeteners
Residents in countries with no tax on sugar sweeteners
Sales of sugar foods/beverage
Pre/post cohort + control
No
Barradas et al., 2017 [29]
Colombia
C
PA programme (park based)
Residents near park with PA programme
Residents near parks without programme; with existing programme
Quality of life
Post only
Yes
Bernatchez et al., 2015 [30]
Canada
E
Bike share programme
City residents near bike-share docks
City residents further from bike-share docks
Programme awareness
Repeated cross-sectional
Yes
Brandt et al., 2017 [31]
United States
P
Food regulation
Residents in counties with TFA restrictions
Residents in counties with no TFA restrictions
Hospital admission for cardiovascular events
Pre/post cohort + control
No
Cawley et al., 2007 [32]
United States
P
PE education
Students in high schools with PE requirements
Students in high schools without PE requirements
PA, weight
Post only
No
Cawley et al., 2010 [33]
United States
P
Social welfare benefit
Elderly receiving inflated social security benefits
No control group (variation in exposure)
Weight
Repeated cross-sectional
No
Christian et al., 2013 [34]
Australia
E
Built environment (housing relocation)
Residents in a PA-supportive neighbourhood
residents in conventional or hybrid neighbourhood
Walking
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Christian et al., 2017 [35]
Australia
E
Built environment (housing relocation)
Residents in a new neighbourhood
No control group
Walking
Pre/post cohort
Yes
Cohen et al., 2012 [36]
United States
E
Green space (outdoor gym equipment)
Park users in parks with new fitness equipment
Park users in parks without equipment
PA METs
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Cornelsen et al., 2017 [37]
United Kingdom
P
Tax (sugar)
Customers of restaurant chain
No control group (pre exposure)
Sugar-sweetened beverage sales
Interrupted time series
No
Cranney et al., 2016 [38]
Australia
E
Green space (outdoor gym equipment)
Park users in parks with new fitness equipment
No control group (pre exposure)
PA
Repeated cross-sectional; qualitative interviews
Yes
Datar & Nicosia, 2017 [39]
United States
P
Restricted access unhealthy food
Children living in states with school policies on discretionary foods
Children in states without policies
BMI
Post only
No
Dill et al., 2014 [40]
United States
E
Built environment (bicycle infrastructure)
Residents in streets with bike paths
Residents near streets without paths
PA/AT
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Dubowitz et al., 2015 [41]
United States
E
Food environment (access to healthy food outlet)
Residents in neighbourhoods with no full-service supermarket
No control group (baseline data only)
Healthy food purchases
Pre only
Yes
Elbel et al., 2011 [42]
United States
P
Food labelling
Consumers (low-income kids/teens) of fast-food outlets in city with mandatory food labelling
Consumers (low-income kids/teens) of fast-food outlets in city with no food labelling
Food consumption - fast food
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Ferguson et al., 2017 [43]
Australia
p
Food affordability (pricing)
Residents in remote Aboriginal communities
No control group (variation in exposure)
F&V, general food/beverage sales
Interrupted time series; repeat cross-sectional; Qualitative interviews
Mixed
Frew et al., 2014 [44]
United Kingdom
C
PA programme (access to services)
City residents with limited access to free PA services
Hypothetical (as if there was no free access)
PA-related diseases, QALYS
Pre/post cohort
Yes
Fu & VanLandingham, 2012 [45]
United States
O
Migration
Vietnamese immigrants in America
Vietnamese immigrant returnees and native (never-leavers)
BMI, waist-hip circumference
Post only
Yes
Gee et al., 2015 [46]
United States
O
Migration
Filipinos in America
Native Filipinos
BMI, waist-hip circumference
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Giles-Corti et al., 2013 [47]
Australia
E
Built environment (housing relocation)
Residents in a PA-supportive neighbourhood
residents in conventional or hybrid neighbourhood
AT and recreational PA
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Hobin et al., 2017 [48]
Canada
P
Food labelling
Consumers of supermarkets with nutrition labelling
Consumers of supermarkets without nutrition labelling
Sale of healthy food items
Pre/post cohort + control; qualitative interviews
Mixed
Jancey et al., 2016 [49]
Australia
E
Built environment (workplaces)
Office workers move to new building
No control group (pre exposure)
PA
Repeated cross-sectional
Yes
Jones-Smith et al., 2017 [50]
United States
O
Economic resources (casino developments)
Native American new-borns born in area near casinos (greater resources)
Native American new-borns near no casino (lower resources)
Birth weight (childhood obesity)
Repeated cross-sectional
No
Jürges et al., 2011 [51]
Germany
P
Education reform (years educated)
Country population years of education
No control (variation in exposure)
Overweight, obesity, smoking
Repeated cross-sectional
No
Kapinos et al., 2017 [52]
United States
O
Clinical (fetal mal-presentation at birth delivery)
Mothers who deliver by caesarean birth
Mothers who deliver by vaginal birth
Mothers’ postpartum BMI
Pre/post cohort + control
No
Kesten et al., 2014 [53]
United Kingdom
E
Built environment (AT infrastructure)
Commuters in neighbourhoods proximal to AT infrastructure
No control group (pre exposure)
Awareness of AT infrastructure
Qualitative interviews; media
Mixed
Kodish et al., 2016 [54]
United States
O
Economic resources (casino ownership)
Native American tribal communities with casino ownership profit
Families of children who do not have F&V programme or have optional programme
F&V consumption
Post only
Yes
Pollack et al., 2014 [59]
United States
P
Social housing
Public housing residents in scattered housing
Public housing residents in clustered housing
Diet, PA behaviour, BMI, perceived health
Post only
Yes
Ram et al., 2016 [60]
United Kingdom
E
Social housing
City residents from different housing sectors
No control group (baseline data only)
PA, BMI, self-reported health
Pre only
Yes
Sadler et al., 2013 [61]
United States
E
Food environment (access to healthy food outlet)
Residents in neighbourhoods with new supermarket
Residents in neighbourhood with no supermarket
F&V intake, food security
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Schultz et al., 2017 [62]
United States
E
Built environment (street redesign)
Low-income neighbourhood residents
No control group (pre exposure)
PA, park usage
Repeated cross-sectional
Yes
Simões et al., 2017 [63]
Brazil
C
PA programme (community)
Cities participating in the programme
Non-participatory and not-yet-participatory cities
PA
Pre/post cohort + control (step wedge)
Yes
Stanley et al., 2016 [64]
Canada
E
Public transport strike
University students using public transport and other transport modes
No control group (pre-exposure)
PA, AT participation
Pre/post cohort
Mixed
Stone et al., 2012 [65]
Canada
P
PA programme (school curriculum)
Primary students in school with daily PA policy (mandatory minimum PA minutes)
Primary students in school without PA curriculum
PA, BMI
Post only
Yes
Sutherland et al., 2010 [66]
United States
P
Food labelling
Consumers of supermarkets with shelf nutrition labelling
No control group (variation in exposure)
Sale of healthy food items
Interrupted time series
No
Torres et al., 2017 [67]
Colombia
C
PA programme (park-based)
Residents near park with new PA programme
Residents near parks without programme or with established programme
MVPA
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Tudor-Locke et al., 2008 [68]
Australia
E
Built environment (housing relocation)
Residents relocating home within a metropolitan area
No control group (pre exposure)
PA
Pre/post cohort
Yes
Veitch et al., 2012 [69]
Australia
E
Green space
Users of a refurbished park
Users an un-furbished park
PA, park usage
Pre/post cohort + control
Yes
Wagner et al., 2013 [70]
United States
C
Social living arrangements
Student at a university
No control group (variation in exposure)
Various health behaviours (PA; alcohol)
Post only
No
Watson et al., 2016 [71]
Canada
P
Economic (change in unemployment benefits)
Adult workforce population
No control group (variation in exposure)
Obesity
Pre/post cohort
No
Zick, 2014 [72]
United States
P
Daylight savings scheme
Residents in states with daylight savings
Residents in states with no daylight savings
MVPA
Pre/post cohort + control
No
AT active travel, BMI body mass index, C community intervention, E environmental intervention, F&V fruit and vegetable intake, METs metabolic equivalent expenditures, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, O other, P policy, PA physical activity, PE physical education, QALYs quality-adjusted life years, TFA trans-fatty acid
