What are the two main types of political boundaries?

POLITICAL BOUNDARIES are frequently defined as borders constructed and imposed on or around a geographic territory in order to distinguish between areas of governance or types (strategies) of political control. They function both as a tool for managing a group of peoples and as a way of minimizing conflict and organizing efficient political units. Political boundaries can divide not only territory but cultures, languages, ethnicities, and natural resources. In doing so, they can provide people with a sense of security and belonging or, alternatively, with a sense of exclusion.

Political boundaries appear in multiple, differing forms and operate on a variety of scales. The most commonly pictured political boundary is one that takes the form of a man-made physical structure, for example, a barbed-wire fence or a checkpoint. Major international political boundaries frequently take this particular form, particularly political boundaries between uneasy, unstable political neighbors. These political boundaries can often become particularly militarized, as evidenced by the border between the UNITED STATES and MEXICO, although certain international borders lack any means of physical monitoring (certain sections of the border between the United States and CANADA, for example).

Other political boundaries may follow natural, physical boundaries. The edge of a lake or the path of a riverbed can provide a naturally occurring political boundary. Finally, political boundaries can also be visible only on a map and not at all evident to the naked eye. This type of particular border can be found between counties within individual states in the United States, for example. This does not make the border less effective in dividing a particular region or area into political units, but instead suggests that there is no risk to the state in allowing individuals to freely travel between such political units.

Political boundaries occur at a variety of different scales, from global (boundaries between nation-states) to local (boundaries between towns, voting districts, and other municipally based divisions). Such boundaries can also occur at an international level, “above” the nation-state. International boundaries are becoming increasingly important as international human rights takes on an increasingly visible role in the international arena. Such boundaries can include those between organizations providing certain measures of security and countries that are not a part of such a group and not protected by their resources. At all levels, however, political boundaries not only demarcate political control, but determine distribution of resources, from international protection to other, more local benefits, demarcate areas of military control, divide economic markets, and create areas of legal rule.

As a general rule, political boundaries are never static but rather are constantly subject to shifts and changes. Traditionally, boundaries between countries have received the most attention, and been the subject of the most intense disputes. Such disputes over political boundaries arise over questions involving how to determine where boundaries are located, how such boundaries are to be interpreted, and who should control areas within the boundaries at issue. Efforts to change international political boundaries between nations require consent of the relevant nations; however such borders are more often the site of attempts to forcibly change (or ignore) political boundaries. When such consent is not forthcoming, political boundaries frequently become the site of conflict.

Where political boundaries divide (or combine) ethnic groups, such boundaries can feed ethnic conflict, as a group of peoples is forced apart or merged together. Political boundaries also raise significant issues surrounding immigrant and refugee flows, as regulations and restrictions over admitting or excluding individuals from a particular nation place a country's political boundary at the center of the debate.

Within the United States, disputes over political boundaries frequently involve issues of race and class, as reflected in the numerous legal disputes over election districts and accusations of gerrymandering. The recent 2003 case of Georgia v. Ashcroft dealt with the issue of redistricting, overruling a lower court decision that had determined that the redrawing of election districts in Georgia following the 2000 election was improper in its attempts to spread the black voting population among a greater number of districts in an effort to elect more Democrats into office. The Supreme Court held that lower courts reviewing redistricting cases should consider all relevant factors and not concentrate solely on the issue of whether or not minorities within existing districts are able to elect a minority candidate.

POSTMODERN DEBATES

Current postmodern debates over political boundaries suggest that rather than bordered nation-states, we are heading toward a more borderless world, with fluid borders and more interdependence among nationstates. Nation-states in the modern world have suffered increasingly not only from external attacks on their political boundaries, but from internal attacks by self-defined political groups. Part of this transition into postmodernism is a shift in our understanding of political boundaries. Traditionally understood as defining the geographic territory of a sovereign, postmodern studies of boundaries speak of areas of jurisdiction, many of which are no longer place-bound. These theories try to reconcile changing conceptions of political boundaries and nation-states with the idea that for many people, citizenship and identity remains very place-bound and nation-specific.

Contemporary debates also acknowledge the realization that the effects of communities bounded by political boundaries necessarily impact others on the other side of the political boundaries, fueling the debate over the utility and danger of political boundaries. Countries are increasingly conscious of the impact that policy decisions made within their political boundaries will have on those located outside of a country's political boundaries.

Beyond impacting purely theoretical debates, changes in the concepts of political boundaries will increase the organization, use, and influence of structures and organizations, particularly at the global level. The increasing transparency or blurring of political boundaries has led to increased importance being placed on international organizations. This is particularly true with respect to work being done in the areas of human rights and environmental policy, where transnational organizations are one of the key forces leading both global movements.

Other research into issues of the blurring of political boundaries has focused on the impact of political boundaries on the tourism industry. Political boundaries necessarily present an impediment to tourism in certain respects, imposing passport and visa requirements, and in some instances preventing entry for tourists altogether. Countries have in some instances, however, worked together to lessen the administrative costs of maintaining a border and processing tourists, sharing the infrastructure costs of borders.

The increase in immigrant communities is changing the concept of the nation and decreasing the significance of political boundaries. As immigrants form communities, social ties, and networks within new countries, and as they develop resources (economic, political, and social), they are increasingly developing organizations and institutions that operate above political boundaries. Further, in dealing with immigration issues, individual nation-states are reaching across political boundaries, making policy decisions and taking actions that violate the traditional political boundary of the individual nation-state. This can happen, for example, by countries enacting policies that allow for immigration of certain individuals who might be criminalized under their home country's laws. Political scientists and others are just beginning to study the possible impacts of this new trend of what is being referred to as immigrant-based transnationalism.

Political boundaries have become a source of debate with respect to new technologies and modes of communication as well, particularly issues involving cyberspace jurisdiction and control. As Dan L. Burk notes, “The primary challenge posed by international information exchange is essentially political and caused by the erosion of political boundaries. This increasing porosity of national boundaries has made it difficult for nations to exercise traditional aspects of sovereignty.”

Cyberspace communities are forming that do not take the form of traditional communities, possess no political boundaries, and have no traditional forms of political control. Many unanswered questions remain surrounding how such communities should define their boundaries, and how they are to operate within and with respect to such boundaries.

If you've ever driven anywhere in the United States, you may have seen a sign next to the road saying something along the lines of, "Now entering Washington County." Believe it or not, you crossed a political boundary!

Political boundaries help us figure out who's in charge of what. Let's explore the purpose, function, and importance of political boundaries.

Political Boundaries Definition

Political boundaries indicate what political entity has sovereignty (governing power and authority) over a physical location.

A political boundary demarcates the territory of different political entities.

Political boundaries can be internal or international. An internal political boundary divides the authority of regional political entities; these entities are collectively accountable to a central government. International political boundaries divide countries.

The political boundary between Forsyth County and Davidson County is an internal political boundary within the state of North Carolina. The political boundary between North Carolina and South Carolina is an internal political boundary within the country of the United States. The political boundary between the United States and Mexico is an international political boundary between two countries.

Many of our world's political boundaries are negotiated: two or more political entities have come to an agreement about where their borders should be drawn. However, some political boundaries are not willingly agreed upon and are therefore imposed through the use or threat of violence.

In Western culture, our modern concepts of sovereignty, statehood, and well-defined political boundaries can be at least partially attributed to the two peace treaties that ended the European Thirty Years' War in 1648. These treaties are together known as "the Peace of Westphalia." The Peace of Westphalia created well-defined internal political boundaries in the Holy Roman Empire, established the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederacy as independent nations, and created numerous small adjustments to other territories in Western Europe.

Purpose of Political Boundaries

A political boundary's purpose is to establish who's "in charge" of an area. The driving factor behind the creation of a political boundary may be economic, cultural, national, or some combination of all three.

Economic Control

Economic factors include taxation and the preference for different economic systems. But perhaps most importantly, a political boundary allows governments and corporations to maintain exclusive access to the economic resources within the boundary. This includes farmland, fossil fuels, precious metals, lumber, fresh water, and even human labor.

National Self-Determination

National boundaries are politically-influenced and prioritize a group's right to political self-determination. These groups may revolve around a particular ethnicity or be rooted in a political ideology, creating a shared sense of identity. In geography, these groups are often called nations, which is not always necessarily synonymous with the more legalistic terms of country and state.

Many, if not most, of the international boundaries we see in Europe and Asia reflect the historic "homeland" of distinct ethnic groups. This is also true for some internal boundaries.

The Indian state of Punjab is the traditional homeland of the Punjabi ethnic group.

Multi-ethnic states may establish borders based on political ideologies. This was especially common during the Cold War, when several Eastern European borders were redrawn in deference to a common commitment (or, in many cases, subjugation) to Marxist-Leninist socialism.

Cultural Preferences

Cultural and national reasons may overlap, but cultural boundaries are less motivated by political power than they are ways of life. These lifestyle preferences may be rooted in traditional hunting or farming practices, an ethnic identity, or a religious identity, and boundaries may reflect the space a group needs to express its culture.

Creation Through Policy

Some political boundaries are created through the policy of a foreign or international political entity. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, for example, establishes maritime political boundaries with the consent of over 160 signatories.

The Berlin Conference, held from 1884-85, was an agreement reached by European powers to establish spheres of influence in Africa in service of European economic interests. This ultimately led to the Scramble for Africa, during which European powers largely established the borders that remain in place today. No Africans were invited to the Berlin Conference, and so they had no say in how the political boundaries of their countries were eventually drawn.

Demilitarized zones, like the one between North Korea and South Korea, are boundaries that can be put in place to stop military conflict by creating a buffer zone between two belligerents.

As you might imagine, all of the above factors can be a source of conflict. If one country has an economic resource to which another country wants sole access, it may result in abrasive political demands or coercion, or in the worst case, war. Similarly, an ethnic, political, or religious group may feel that its needs are not being met by a country's government, or that policy-created borders are unjust, and may resort to armed rebellion or terrorism in an attempt to get political boundaries redrawn.

Primary Function of International Political Boundaries

We've already mentioned that political boundaries help us recognize who's in charge of what area. This notion of sovereign authority has historically been fundamental to the organization of human civilization. But our international political boundaries also serve as a means to prevent external conflict. A foreign military or citizen cannot simply walk across a border, take what they want, and not expect to be accountable to the sovereign authority of the area. The idea behind an enforced border is that a sovereign political entity has the right to have some say over who can enter its territory and for what purpose.

In this way, ideally, international boundaries encourage political dialogue and economic cooperation, while allowing a country to maintain its internal national or cultural interests as it sees fit.

As the world has become more globalized (with immigration, rather than military invasion, as a central political boundary issue), some individuals have begun to reject political boundaries as antiquated and are in favor of "open borders." Suggested open border policies vary wildly. Some proponents have suggested easing or eliminating immigration laws and replacing them with expeditious residency approvals to encourage a wider pool of labor and a more blended global community. Since 2014, Estonia has been exploring this concept through "e-Residency," an idea that links citizenship to a digital identity rather than a physical location. Others have suggested getting rid of the very notion of a country altogether.

Contested Political Boundaries

Sometimes the borders themselves create conflict. Countries that share political boundaries may claim ownership over a region along their borders, often because these border regions have some economic or cultural significance to both sides.

When political entities cannot agree on a border (either through negotiation or imposition), that border is said to be contested. Contested borders can provoke the use of military force.

De Facto and De Jure Political Boundaries

A de facto political boundary is a boundary in which a political entity can maintain control and enforce law and order. A de jure political boundary is a boundary that is legally recognized by foreign political entities.

Ideally, de facto and de jure political boundaries line up, but that is not always the case. For example, the de jure political boundary of the Federal Republic of Somalia is not congruent with the territory that the Federal Republic of Somalia actually has under its control; the northwest portion of the country is under the de facto control of an unrecognized state called Somaliland.

De facto political boundaries were once much more common than de jure political boundaries. For example, the Comanche exercised control over a large portion of North America during the 19th century, but their borders were never formally defined or legally demarcated.

Importance of Political Boundaries

How do political boundaries impact you as an individual?

It starts at the lowest level of political power. If you live in the United States, the political boundaries that make up your town, city, or county will determine which local elections you will be allowed to participate in; which police precinct or fire department will attend to you in the event of an emergency; which local post office will deliver your mail; how much you will need to pay in sales tax; and where you (or your children) will be able to attend public school.

The political boundaries that define the United States as a country—and your existence in it—determine similar factors, but on a larger scale. You have no say in who gets to become the president of Argentina, for example, if you are politically bound to the US. International political boundaries determine which national or federal political system you can participate in; which military will defend you in a war; which government will respond in the event of a natural disaster; which laws you have to follow; what national or federal taxes you have to pay; and which economy you participate in.

Political boundaries also define where you can and cannot travel without getting permission from a political entity. For example, people living in the United States or the European Union may cross internal borders freely, but have to receive permission to cross international borders.

In other words, these political boundaries, created through economic, nationalistic, or cultural forces, will help determine almost every superficial civic aspect of your life. They will determine which political entities you are accountable to, and which polities entities are, in turn, accountable to you.

Political Boundaries Examples

Political boundaries are a human construct—a tool for our use. Some of the boundaries we have in place conform closely to physical geography; mountains, rivers, and oceans can serve as natural barriers between areas and can serve as logical political boundaries, as seen with Cuba or Jamaica. However, many of the political boundaries you are likely to come across will be entirely invisible except on a map. When crossing through different counties in the United States, for example, there may be little more than a roadside sign demarcating a transition into a different political territory, if that.

Some political boundaries are more obvious. Many international political crossings are fenced and guarded by border security, with signs and flags and traffic patterns that you simply cannot miss.

The Singapore-Malaysia border is one of the busiest international political boundaries in the world and is easily demarcated by large customs buildings and huge flags. An estimated 300,000 travelers cross the border daily, mostly for work.

Function of Political Boundaries - Key takeaways

• A political boundary demarcates the territory of different political entities.
• There are both internal and international political boundaries.
• Political boundaries may form around economic, national, or cultural causes. They may also form through the political policy of a foreign or international entity.
• Political boundaries delineate sovereign authority and may deter conflict, although sometimes the borders themselves provoke conflict.
• Political boundaries help determine almost every civic aspect of your life.