What is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called multiple choice question?

Try the new Google Books

Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features

What is the process of transforming a cell with no specialized function into a cell with a specialized function called multiple choice question?

  1. Sukoyan MA, Vatolin SY, et al. Embryonic stem cells derived from morulae, inner cell mass, and blastocysts of mink: comparisons of their pluripotencies. Embryo Dev. 1993;36(2):148–58

  2. Larijani B, Esfahani EN, Amini P, Nikbin B, Alimoghaddam K, Amiri S, Malekzadeh R, Yazdi NM, Ghodsi M, Dowlati Y, Sahraian MA, Ghavamzadeh A. Stem cell therapy in treatment of different diseases. Acta Medica Iranica. 2012:79–96 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22359076.

  3. Sullivan S, Stacey GN, Akazawa C, et al. Quality guidelines for clinical-grade human induced pluripotent stem cell lines. Regenerative Med. 2018; https://doi.org/10.2217/rme-2018-0095.

  4. Amps K, Andrews PW, et al. Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage. Nat. Biotechnol. 2011;29(12):1121–44.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Amit M, Itskovitz-Eldor J. Atlas of human pluripotent stem cells: derivation and culturing. New York: Humana Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ludwig TE, Bergendahl V, Levenstein ME, Yu J, Probasco MD, Thomson JA. Feeder-independent culture of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Methods. 2006;3:637–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kang MI. Transitional CpG methylation between promoters and retroelements of tissue-specific genes during human mesenchymal cell differentiation. J. Cell Biochem. 2007;102:224–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Vaes B, Craeye D, Pinxteren J. Quality control during manufacture of a stem cell therapeutic. BioProcess Int. 2012;10:50–5.

  9. Bloushtain-Qimron N. Epigenetic patterns of embryonic and adult stem cells. Cell Cycle. 2009;8:809–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Brindley DA. Peak serum: implications of serum supply for cell therapy manufacturing. Regenerative Medicine. 2012;7:809–17.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Solter D, Knowles BB. Immunosurgery of mouse blastocyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975;72:5099–102.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Hoepfl G, Gassmann M, Desbaillets I. Differentiating embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies. Methods Mole Biol. 2004;254:79–98 https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-741-6:079.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lim WF, Inoue-Yokoo T, Tan KS, Lai MI, Sugiyama D. Hematopoietic cell differentiation from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;4(3):71. https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt222.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Mohr JC, de Pablo JJ, Palecek SP. 3-D microwell culture of human embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials. 2006;27(36):6032–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.012.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Doetschman TC, Eistetter H, Katz M, Schmidt W, Kemler R. The in vitro development of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines: formation of the visceral yolk sac, blood islands, and myocardium. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1985;87:27–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kurosawa HY. Methods for inducing embryoid body formation: in vitro differentiation system of embryonic stem cells. J Biosci Bioeng. 2007;103:389–98.

  17. Heins N, Englund MC, Sjoblom C, Dahl U, Tonning A, Bergh C, Lindahl A, Hanson C, Semb H. Derivation, characterization, and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells. 2004;22:367–76.

  18. Rosowski KA, Mertz AF, Norcross S, Dufresne ER, Horsley V. Edges of human embryonic stem cell colonies display distinct mechanical properties and differentiation potential. Sci Rep. 2015;5:Article number:14218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chung Y, Klimanskaya I, Becker S, Li T, Maserati M, Lu SJ, Zdravkovic T, Ilic D, Genbacev O, Fisher S, Krtolica A, Lanza R. Human embryonic stem cell lines generated without embryo destruction. Cell Stem Cell. 2008;2:113–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang X, Stojkovic P, Przyborski S, Cooke M, Armstrong L, Lako M, Stojkovic M. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells from developing and arrested embryos. Stem Cells. 2006;24:2669–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Beers J, Gulbranson DR, George N, Siniscalchi LI, Jones J, Thomson JA, Chen G. Passaging and colony expansion of human pluripotent stem cells by enzyme-free dissociation in chemically defined culture conditions. Nat Protoc. 2012;7:2029–40.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Ellerström C, Hyllner J, Strehl R. single cell enzymatic dissociation of human embryonic stem cells: a straightforward, robust, and standardized culture method. In: Turksen K, editor. Human embryonic stem cell protocols. Methods in molecular biology: Humana Press; 2009. p. 584.

  23. Heng BC, Liu H, Ge Z, Cao T. Mechanical dissociation of human embryonic stem cell colonies by manual scraping after collagenase treatment is much more detrimental to cellular viability than is trypsinization with gentle pipetting. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2010;47(1):33–7.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ellerstrom C, Strehl R, Noaksson K, Hyllner J, Semb H. Facilitated expansion of human embryonic stem cells by single-cell enzymatic dissociation. Stem Cells. 2007;25:1690–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Brimble SN, Zeng X, Weiler DA, Luo Y, Liu Y, Lyons IG, Freed WJ, Robins AJ, Rao MS, Schulz TC. Karyotypic stability, genotyping, differentiation, feeder-free maintenance, and gene expression sampling in three human embryonic stem cell lines deri. Stem Cells Dev. 2004;13:585–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Watanabe K, Ueno M, Kamiya D, Nishiyama A, Matsumura M, Wataya T, Takahashi JB, Nishikawa S, Nishikawa S, Muguruma K, Sasai Y. A ROCK inhibitor permits survival of dissociated human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2007;25:681–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Nie Y, Walsh P, Clarke DL, Rowley JA, Fellner T. Scalable passaging of adherent human pluripotent stem cells. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088012.

  28. Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science. 1998;282:1145–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Martin MJ, Muotri A, Gage F, Varki A. Human embryonic stem cellsexpress an immunogenic nonhuman sialic acid. Nat. Med. 2005;11:228–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Smith AG, Heath JK, Donaldson DD, Wong GG, Moreau J, Stahl M, Rogers D. Inhibition of pluripotential embryonic stem cell differentiation by purified polypeptides. Nature. 1988;336(6200):688–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/336688a0.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Xu C, Inokuma MS, Denham J, Golds K, Kundu P, Gold JD, Carpenter MK. Feeder-free growth of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotechnol. 2001;19:971–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1001-971.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Weathersbee PS, Pool TB, Ord T. Synthetic serum substitute (SSS): a globulin-enriched protein supplement for human embryo culture. J. Assist Reprod Genet. 1995;12:354–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Chen G, Gulbranson DR, Hou Z, Bolin JM, Ruotti V, Probasco MD, Smuga-Otto K, Howden SE, Diol NR, Propson NE, Wagner R, Lee GO, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Teng JM, Thomson JA. Chemically defined conditions for human iPSC derivation and culture. Nat. Methods. 2011;8:424–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Sommer CA, Mostoslavsky G. Experimental approaches for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2010;1:26.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cells in medicine and biology. Development. 2013;140(12):2457–61 https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.092551.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Shi D, Lu F, Wei Y, et al. Buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) cloned by nuclear transfer of somatic cells. Biol. Reprod. 2007;77:285–91. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.107.060210.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gurdon JB. The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. Development. 1962;10:622–40 http://dev.biologists.org/content/10/4/622.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kain K. The birth of cloning: an interview with John Gurdon. Dis Model Mech. 2009;2(1–2):9–10. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.002014.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Davis RL, Weintraub H, Lassar AB. Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell. 1987;24(51(6)):987–1000.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Quinlan AR, Boland MJ, Leibowitz ML, et al. Genome sequencing of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells reveals retroelement stability and infrequent DNA rearrangement during reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;9(4):366–73.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Maherali N, Sridharan R, Xie W, Utika LJ, Eminli S, Arnold K, Stadtfeld M, Yachechko R, Tchieu J, Jaenisch R, Plath K, Hochedlinger K. Directly reprogrammed fibroblasts show global epigenetic remodeling and widespread tissue contribution. Cell Stem Cell. 2007;1:55–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ohi Y, Qin H, Hong C, Blouin L, Polo JM, Guo T, Qi Z, Downey SL, Manos PD, Rossi DJ, Yu J, Hebrok M, Hochedlinger K, Costello JF, Song JS, Ramalho-Santos M. Incomplete DNA methylation underlines a transcriptional memory of somatic cells in human IPS cells. Nat Cell Biol. 2011;13:541–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhou Q, Brown J, Kanarek A, Rajagopal J, Melton DA. In vivo reprogramming of adult pancreatic exocrine cells to beta-cells. Nature. 2008;455:627–32 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hilfiker A, Kasper C, Hass R, Haverich A. Mesenchymal stem cells and progenitor cells in connective tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: is there a future for transplantation? Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2011;396:489–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang Wendy, Y., de Almeida Patricia, E., and Wu Joseph, C. Teratoma formation: a tool for monitoring pluripotency in stem cell research. StemBook, ed. The Stem Cell Research Community. June 12, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3824/stembook.1.53.1.

  46. Narsinh KH, Sun N, Sanchez-Freire V, et al. Single cell transcriptional profiling reveals heterogeneity of human induced pluripotent stem cells. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(3):1217–21.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Gertow K, Przyborski S, Loring JF, Auerbach JM, Epifano O, Otonkoski T, Damjanov I, AhrlundRichter L. Isolation of human embryonic stem cell-derived teratomas for the assessment of pluripotency. Curr Protoc Stem Cell Biol. 2007, Chapter 1, Unit 1B 4. 3: 1B.4.1-1B.4.29.

  48. Cooke MJ, Stojkovic M, Przyborski SA. Growth of teratomas derived from human pluripotent stem cells is influenced by the graft site. Stem Cells Dev. 2006;15(2):254–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Przyborski SA. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells after transplantation in immune-deficient mice. Stem Cells. 2005;23:1242–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Tannenbaum SE, Turetsky TT, Singer O, Aizenman E, Kirshberg S, Ilouz N, Gil Y, Berman-Zaken Y, Perlman TS, Geva N, Levy O, Arbell D, Simon A, Ben-Meir A, Shufaro Y, Laufer N, Reubinoff BE. Derivation of xeno-free and GMP-grade human embryonic stem cells- platforms for future clinical applications. PLoS One. 2012;7:e35325.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Cohen DE, Melton D. Turning straw into gold: directing cell fate for regenerative medicine. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12:243–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hwang NS, Varghese S, Elisseeff J. Controlled differentiation of stem cells. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;60(2):199–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.036.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Turner N, Grose R. Fibroblast growth factor signalling: from development to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2010;10:116–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Rao TP, Kuhl M. An updated overview on Wnt signaling pathways: a prelude for more. Circ Res. 2010;106:1798–806.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Moustakas A, Heldin CH. The regulation of TGFbeta signal transduction. Development. 2009;136:3699–714.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Efthymiou AG, Chen G, Rao M, Chen G, Boehm M. Self-renewal and cell lineage differentiation strategies in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2014;14:1333–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Yang L, Soonpaa MH, Adler ED, Roepke TK, Kattman SJ, Kennedy M, Henckaerts E, Bonham K, Abbott GW, Linden RM, Field LJ, Keller GM. Human cardiovascular progenitor cells develop from a KDRþembryonic-stem-cell-derived population. Nature. 2008;453:524–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kroon E, Martinson LA, Kadoya K, Bang AG, Kelly OG, Eliazer S, Young H, Richardson M, Smart NG, Cunningham J, Agulnick AD, D’amour KA, Carpenter MK, Baetge EE. Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26(4):443–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1393.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Vallier L, Reynolds D, Pedersen RA. Nodal inhibits differentiation of human embryonic stem cells along the neuroectodermal default pathway. Dev Biol. 2004;275:403–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Burridge PW, Zambidis ET. Highly efficient directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Methods Mol Biol. 2013;997:149–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Cai J, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Ye F, Song Z, Qin H, Meng S, Chen Y, Zhou R, Song X, Guo Y, Ding M, Deng H. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional hepatic cells. Hepatology. 2007;45:1229–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Takasato M, Er PX, Becroft M, Vanslambrouck JM, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Little MH. Directing human embryonic stem cell differentiation towards a renal lineage generates a selforganizing kidney. Nat Cell Biol. 2014;16:118–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Huang SX, Islam MN, O’Neill J, Hu Z, Yang YG, Chen YW, Mumau M, Green MD, VunjakNovakovic G, Bhattacharya J, Snoeck HW. Efficient generation of lung and airway epithelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2014;32:84–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kadzik RS, Morrisey EE. Directing lung endoderm differentiation in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;10:355–61.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Wichterle H, Lieberam I, Porter JA, Jessell TM. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. Cell. 2002;110:385–97.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Spence JR, Mayhew CN, Rankin SA, Kuhar MF, Vallance JE, Tolle K, Hoskins EE, Kalinichenko VV, Wells SI, Zorn AM, Shroyer NF, Wells JM. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro. Nature. 2011;470:105–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Oldershaw RA, Baxter MA, Lowe ET, Bates N, Grady LM, Soncin F, Brison DR, Hardingham TE, Kimber SJ. Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells toward chondrocytes. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28:1187–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Jun Cai, Ann DeLaForest, Joseph Fisher, Amanda Urick, Thomas Wagner, Kirk Twaroski, Max Cayo, Masato Nagaoka, Stephen A Duncan. Protocol for directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells toward a hepatocyte fate. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3824/stembook.1.52.1.

  69. Frank-Kamenetsky M, Zhang XM, Bottega S, Guicherit O, Wichterle H, Dudek H, Bumcrot D, Wang FY, Jones S, Shulok J, Rubin LL, Porter JA. Small-molecule modulators of hedgehog signaling: identification and characterization of smoothened agonists and antagonists. J Biol. 2002;1:10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Oshima K, Shin K, Diensthuber M, Peng AW, Ricci AJ, Heller S. Mechanosensitive hair celllike cells from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell. 2010;141:704–16.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Osakada F, Jin ZB, Hirami Y, Ikeda H, Danjyo T, Watanabe K, Sasai Y, Takahashi M. In vitro differentiation of retinal cells from human pluripotent stem cells by small-molecule induction. J Cell Sci. 2009;122:3169–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kshitiz PJ, Kim P, Helen W, Engler AJ, Levchenko A, Kim DH. Control of stem cell fate and function by engineering physical microenvironments. Intergr Biol (Camb). 2012;4:1008–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Amps K, Andrews PW, Anyfantis G, Armstrong L, Avery S, Baharvand H, Baker J, Baker D, Munoz MB, Beil S, Benvenisty N, Ben-Yosef D, Biancotti JC, Bosman A, Brena RM, Brison D, Caisander G, Camarasa MV, Chen J, ChiaoE CYM, Choo AB, Collins D, et al. Screening ethnically diverse human embryonic stem cells identifies a chromosome 20 minimal amplicon conferring growth advantage. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29:1132–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Nukaya D, Minami K, Hoshikawa R, Yokoi N, Seino S. Preferential gene expression and epigenetic memory of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from mouse pancreas. Genes Cells. 2015;20:367–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Murdoch A, Braude P, Courtney A, Brison D, Hunt C, Lawford-Davies J, Moore H, Stacey G, Sethe S, Procurement Working Group Of National Clinical H, E. S. C. F, National Clinical H, E. S. C. F. The procurement of cells for the derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines for therapeutic use: recommendations for good practice. Stem Cell Rev. 2012;8:91–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hewitson H, Wood V, Kadeva N, Cornwell G, Codognotto S, Stephenson E, Ilic D. Generation of KCL035 research grade human embryonic stem cell line carrying a mutation in HBB gene. Stem Cell Res. 2016;16:210–2.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Daley GQ, Hyun I, Apperley JF, Barker RA, Benvenisty N, Bredenoord AL, Breuer CK, Caulfield T, Cedars MI, Frey-Vasconcells J, Heslop HE, Jin Y, Lee RT, Mccabe C, Munsie M, Murry CE, Piantadosi S, Rao M, Rooke HM, Sipp D, Studer L, Sugarman J, et al. Setting global standards for stem cell research and clinical translation: the 2016 ISSCR guidelines. Stem Cell Rep. 2016;6:787–97.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126(4):663–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Loh YH, Wu Q, Chew JL, Vega VB, Zhang W, Chen X, Bourque G, George J, Leong B, Liu J, et al. The Oct4 and Nanog transcription network regulates pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Genet. 2006;38:431–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Menasche P, Vanneaux V, Hagege A, Bel A, Cholley B, Cacciapuoti I, Parouchev A, Benhamouda N, Tachdjian G, Tosca L, Trouvin JH, Fabreguettes JR, Bellamy V, Guillemain R, SuberbielleBoissel C, Tartour E, Desnos M, Larghero J. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors for severe heart failure treatment: first clinical case report. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2011–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Schwartz SD, Regillo CD, Lam BL, Eliott D, Rosenfeld PJ, Gregori NZ, Hubschman JP, Davis JL, Heilwell G, Spirn M, Maguire J, Gay R, Bateman J, Ostrick RM, Morris D, Vincent M, Anglade E, Del Priore LV, Lanza R. Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt’s macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies. Lancet. 2015;385:509–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ilic D, Ogilvie C. Concise review: human embryonic stem cells-what have we done? What are we doing? Where are we going? Stem Cells. 2017;35:17–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Rocha V, et al. Clinical use of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006;12(1):34–4.

  84. Longo UG, Ronga M, Maffulli N. Sports Med Arthrosc 17:112–126. Achilles tendinopathy. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2009;17:112–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Tempfer H, Lehner C, Grütz M, Gehwolf R, Traweger A. Biological augmentation for tendon repair: lessons to be learned from development, disease, and tendon stem cell research. In: Gimble J, Marolt D, Oreffo R, Redl H, Wolbank S, editors. Cell engineering and regeneration. Reference Series in Biomedical Engineering. Cham: Springer; 2017.

  86. Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol. 2007;213:626–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Widuchowski W, Widuchowski J, Trzaska T. Articular cartilage defects: study of 25,124 knee arthroscopies. Knee. 2007;14:177–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Li R, Lin Q-X, Liang X-Z, Liu G-B, et al. Stem cell therapy for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head: from clinical applications to related basic research. Stem Cell Res Therapy. 2018;9:291 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1018-7.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Gangji V, De Maertelaer V, Hauzeur JP. Autologous bone marrow cell implantation in the treatment of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head: five year follow-up of a prospective controlled study. Bone. 2011;49(5):1005–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhao D, Cui D, Wang B, Tian F, Guo L, Yang L, et al. Treatment of early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head with autologous implantation of bone marrow-derived and cultured mesenchymal stem cells. Bone. 2012;50(1):325–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Sen RK, Tripathy SK, Aggarwal S, Marwaha N, Sharma RR, Khandelwal N. Early results of core decompression and autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells instillation in femoral head osteonecrosis: a randomized control study. J Arthroplast. 2012;27(5):679–86.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Lapasset L, Milhavet O, Prieur A, Besnard E, Babled A, Aït-Hamou N, Leschik J, Pellestor F, Ramirez JM, De Vos J, Lehmann S, Lemaitre JM. Rejuvenating senescent and centenarian human cells by reprogramming through the pluripotent state. Genes Dev. 2011;25:2248–53.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Sahin E, Depinho RA. Linking functional decline of telomeres, mitochondria and stem cells during ageing. Nature. 2010;464:520–8.

  94. Petkovich DA, Podolskiy DI, Lobanov AV, Lee SG, Miller RA, Gladyshev VN. Using DNA methylation profiling to evaluate biological age and longevity interventions. Cell Metab. 2017;25:954–60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.016.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Gerontology, Rejuvenation by cell reprogramming: a new horizon in. Rodolfo G. Goya, Marianne Lehmann, Priscila Chiavellini, Martina Canatelli-Mallat, Claudia B. Hereñú and Oscar A. Brown. Stem Cell Res Therapy. 2018, 9:349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1075-y.

  96. Ocampo A, Reddy P, Martinez-Redondo P, Platero-Luengo A, Hatanaka F, Hishida T, Li M, Lam D, Kurita M, Beyret E, Araoka T, Vazquez-Ferrer E, Donoso D, Roman JLXJ, Rodriguez-Esteban C, Nuñez G, Nuñez Delicado E, Campistol JM, Guillen I, Guillen P, Izpisua. In vivo amelioration of age-associated hallmarks by partial reprogramming. Cell. 2016;167:1719–33.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. de Lázaro I, Cossu G, Kostarelos K. Transient transcription factor (OSKM) expression is key towards clinical translation of in vivo cell reprogramming. EMBO Mol Med. 2017;9:733–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Sun S, Li ZQ, Glencer P, Cai BC, Zhang XM, Yang J, Li XR. Bringing the age-related macular degeneration high-risk allele age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 into focus with stem cell technology. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8:135 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-017-0584-4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Liu J. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells: new hope for stroke? Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;4:115 https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt326.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Shahjalal HM, Dayem AA, Lim KM, Jeon TI, Cho SG. Generation of pancreatic β cells for treatment of diabetes: advances and challenges. Stem Cell ResTher. 2018;9:355 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1099-3.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Kroon E, Martinson LA, et al. Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo. Nat Biotechnol. 2008;26;443–52.

  102. Arora V, Pooja A, Munshi AK. Banking stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2009;33(4):289–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Mao JJ. Stem cells and the future of dental care. New York State Dental J. 2008;74(2):21–4.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Reznick, Jay B. Continuing education: stem cells: emerging medical and dental therapies for the dental Professional. Dentaltown Magazine. 2008, pp. 42–53.

  105. Arthur A, Rychkov G, Shi S, Koblar SA, Gronthos S. Adult human dental pulp stem cells differentiate toward functionally active neurons under appropriate environmental cues. Stem Cells. 2008;26(7):1787–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Cordeiro MM, Dong Z, Kaneko T, Zhang Z, Miyazawa M, Shi S, Smith A. Dental pulp tissue engineering with stem cells from exfoliated. J Endod. 2008;34(8):962–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hayashi K, Ohta H, Kurimoto K, Aramaki S, Saitou M. Reconstitution of the mouse germ cell specification pathway in culture by pluripotent stem cells. Cell. 2011;146(4):519–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.052.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Sadri-Ardekani H, Atala A. Testicular tissue cryopreservation and spermatogonial stem cell transplantation to restore fertility: from bench to bedside. Stem Cell ResTher. 2014;5:68 https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt457.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Zhang Q, Xu M, Yao X, Li T, Wang Q, Lai D. Human amniotic epithelial cells inhibit granulosa cell apoptosis induced by chemotherapy and restore the fertility. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;6:152 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-015-0148-4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Ma DK, Bonaguidi MA, Ming GL, Song H. Adult neural stem cells in the mammalian central nervous system. Cell Res. 2009;19:672–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2009.56.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Dantuma E, Merchant S, Sugaya K. Stem cells for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Stem Cell ResTher. 2010;1:37 https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt37.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Wang Q, Matsumoto Y, Shindo T, Miyake K, Shindo A, Kawanishi M, Kawai N, Tamiya T, Nagao S. Neural stem cells transplantation in cortex in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Med Invest. 2006;53:61–9. https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.53.61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Moghadam FH, Alaie H, Karbalaie K, Tanhaei S, Nasr Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. Transplantation of primed or unprimed mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells improves cognitive function in Alzheimerian rats. Differentiation. 2009;78:59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2009.06.005.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Byrne JA. Developing neural stem cell-based treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Stem Cell ResTher. 2014;5:72. https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt461.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Awe JP, Lee PC, Ramathal C, Vega-Crespo A, Durruthy-Durruthy J, Cooper A, Karumbayaram S, Lowry WE, Clark AT, Zack JA, Sebastiano V, Kohn DB, Pyle AD, Martin MG, Lipshutz GS, Phelps PE, Pera RA, Byrne JA. Generation and characterization of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells and conversion to putative clinical-grade status. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013;4:87. https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt246.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  116. Peng J, Zeng X. The role of induced pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine: neurodegenerative diseases. Stem Cell ResTher. 2011;2:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Wright BL, Barker RA. Established and emerging therapies for Huntington’s disease. 2007;7(6):579–87 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17896994/579-87.

  118. Lin NH, Gronthos S, Bartold PM. Stem cells and periodontal regeneration. Aust Dent J. 2008;53:108–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Seo BM, Miura M, Gronthos S, Bartold PM, Batouli S, Brahim J, et al. Investigation of multipotent postnatal stem cells from human periodontal ligament. Lancet. 2004;364:149–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ramseier CA, Abramson ZR, Jin Q, Giannobile WV. Gene therapeutics for periodontal regenerative medicine. Dent Clin North Am. 2006;50:245–63.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Shi S, Bartold PM, Miura M, Seo BM, Robey PG, Gronthos S. The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair dental structures. OrthodCraniofac Res. 2005;8:191–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Iohara K, Nakashima M, Ito M, Ishikawa M, Nakasima A, Akamine A. Dentin regeneration by dental pulp stem cell therapy with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein. J Dent Res. 2004;83:590–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Hu B, Unda F, Bopp-Kuchler S, Jimenez L, Wang XJ, Haikel Y, et al. Bone marrow cells can give rise to ameloblast-like cells. J Dent Res. 2006;85:416–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Liu Y, Liu W, Hu C, Xue Z, Wang G, Ding B, Luo H, Tang L, Kong X, Chen X, Liu N, Ding Y, Jin Y. MiR-17 modulates osteogenic differentiation through a coherent feed-forward loop in mesenchymal stem cells isolated from periodontal ligaments of patients with periodontitis. Stem Cells. 2011;29(11):1804–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.728.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Raspini G, Wolff J, Helminen M, Raspini G, Raspini M, Sándor GK. Dental stem cells harvested from third molars combined with bioactive glass can induce signs of bone formation in vitro. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2018;9(1):e2. Published 2018 Mar 31. https://doi.org/10.5037/jomr.2018.9102.

  126. Christodoulou I, Goulielmaki M, Devetzi M, Panagiotidis M, Koliakos G, Zoumpourlis V. Mesenchymal stem cells in preclinical cancer cytotherapy: a systematic review. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9(1;336). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1078-8.

  127. Bansal R, Jain A. Current overview on dental stem cells applications in regenerative dentistry. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2015;6(1):29–34. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.149074.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Edgar Ledesma-Martínez, Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez, Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp: a review. Stem Cells Int. 2016, 4,709,572, p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4709572].

  129. Grzech-Leśniak K. Making use of lasers in periodontal treatment: a new gold standard? Photomed Laser Surg. 2017;35(10):513–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Miura M, Gronthos S, Zhao M, Lu B, Fisher LW, Robey PG, Shi S. SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(10):5807–12. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0937635100.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Yasui T, Mabuchi Y, Toriumi H, Ebine T, Niibe K, Houlihan DD, Morikawa S, Onizawa K, Kawana H, Akazawa C, Suzuki N, Nakagawa T, Okano H, Matsuzaki Y. Purified human dental pulp stem cells promote osteogenic regeneration. J Dent Res. 2016;95(2):206–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034515610748.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Yamamoto A, Sakai K, Matsubara K, Kano F, Ueda M. Multifaceted neuro-regenerative activities of human dental pulp stem cells for functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res. 2014;78:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2013.10.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. d’Aquino R, De Rosa A, Lanza V, Tirino V, Laino L, Graziano A, Desiderio V, Laino G, Papaccio G. Human mandible bone defect repair by the grafting of dental pulp stem/progenitor cells and collagen sponge biocomplexes. Eur Cell Mater. 2009;12, PMID: 19908196:75–83.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Wang L, Shen H, Zheng W, Tang L, Yang Z, Gao Y, Yang Q, Wang C, Duan Y, Jin Y. Characterization of stem cells from alveolar periodontal ligament. Tissue Eng. Part A. 2011;17(7–8):1015–26. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0140.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Iwata T, Yamato M, Zhang Z, Mukobata S, Washio K, Ando T, Feijen J, Okano T, Ishikawa I. Validation of human periodontal ligament-derived cells as a reliable source for cytotherapeutic use. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(12):1088–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01597.x.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Chen F-M, Gao L-N, Tian B-M, Zhang X-Y, Zhang Y-J, Dong G-Y, Lu H, et al. Treatment of periodontal intrabony defects using autologous periodontal ligament stem cells: a randomized clinical trial. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2016;7:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0288-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  137. Bakopoulou A, Leyhausen G, Volk J, Tsiftsoglou A, Garefis P, Koidis P, Geurtsen W. Comparative analysis of in vitro osteo/odontogenic differentiation potential of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP). Arch Oral Biol. 2011;56(7):709–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.12.008.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Han C, Yang Z, Zhou W, Jin F, Song Y, Wang Y, Huo N, Chen L, Qian H, Hou R, Duan Y, Jin Y. Periapical follicle stem cell: a promising candidate for cementum/periodontal ligament regeneration and bio-root engineering. Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19(9):1405–15. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2009.0277.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Luan X, Ito Y, Dangaria S, Diekwisch TG. Dental follicle progenitor cell heterogeneity in the developing mouse periodontium. Stem Cells Dev. 2006;15(4):595–608. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2006.15.595.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Handa K, Saito M, Tsunoda A, Yamauchi M, Hattori S, Sato S, Toyoda M, Teranaka T, Narayanan AS. Progenitor cells from dental follicle are able to form cementum matrix in vivo. Connect Tissue Res. 2002;43(2–3):406–8 PMID: 12489190.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Guo W, Chen L, Gong K, Ding B, Duan Y, Jin Y. Heterogeneous dental follicle cells and the regeneration of complex periodontal tissues. Tissue Engineering. Part A. 2012;18(5–6):459–70 https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0261.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Bai, Yudi et al. Cementum- and periodontal ligament-like tissue formation by dental follicle cell sheets co-cultured with Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath cells. Bone. 2011, 48, Issue 6, pp. 1417–1426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.02.016.

  143. Cordeiro MM, Dong Z, Kaneko T, Zhang Z, Miyazawa M, Shi S, et al. Dental pulp tissue engineering with stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth. 2008, 34, pp. 962–969.

  144. Dobie K, Smith G, Sloan AJ, Smith AJ. Effects of alginate, hydrogels and TGF-beta 1 on human dental pulp repair in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 2. 2002;43:387–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Friedlander LT, Cullinan MP, Love RM. Dental stem cells and their potential role in apexogenesis and apexification. Int Endod J. 2009;42:955–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Cai J, Zhang Y, Liu P, Chen S, Wu X, Sun Y, Li A, Huang K, Luo R, Wang L, Liu Y, Zhou T, Wei S, Pan G, Pei D, Generation of tooth-like structures from integration-free human urine induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Regen (Lond). July 30, 2013, 2(1), pp. 6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-9769-2-6.

  147. Craig J. Taylor, Eleanor M. Bolton, and J. Andrew Bradley 2011 Aug 12 and https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0030], 366(1575): 2312–2322. [doi:. Immunological considerations for embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell banking,. Philos Trans R SocLond B Biol Sci. 2011, 366(1575), pp. 2312–2322, doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0030.

  148. T.R. Nayak, H. Andersen, V.S. Makam, C. Khaw, S. Bae, X.F. Xu, P.L.R. Ee, J.H. Ahn, B.H. Hong, G. Pastorin, B. Ozyilmaz, ACS Nano, 5 (6) (2011), pp. 4. Graphene for controlled and accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells,. ACS Nano. 2011, pp. 4670–4678.

  149. Lee WC, Lim C, Shi H, Tang LAL, Wang Y, Lim CT, Loh KP. Origin of enhanced stem cell growth and differentiation on graphene and graphene oxide. ACS Nano. 2011;5(9):7334–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Kenry LWC, Loh KP, Lim CT. When stem cells meet graphene: opportunities and challenges in regenerative medicine. Biomaterials. 2018;155:236–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Yuan A, Farber EL, Rapoport AL, Tejada D, Deniskin R, Akhmedov NB, et al. Transfer of microRNAs by embryonic stem cell microvesicles. 2009. 2009, 4(3), p. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0004722.

  152. Oh, Myeongsik, et al. Exosomes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells ameliorate the aging of skin fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(6), p. 1715.

  153. Ramirez MI. et al. Technical challenges of working with extracellular vesicles. Nanoscale. 2018;10:881–906.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Valadi H, et al. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 2007;9:654–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Mateescu B, et al. Obstacles and opportunities in the functional analysis of extracellular vesicle RNA—an ISEV position paper. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 2017;6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2017.1286095.

  156. Nawaz M, et al. Extracellular vesicles: evolving factors in stem cell biology. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:17. Article ID 1073140.

  157. Helfrich, Y.R., Sachs, D.L. and Voorhees, J.J. Overview of skin aging and photoaging. Dermatol. Nurs. 20, pp. 177–183, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18649702.

  158. Julia Tigges, Jean Krutmann, Ellen Fritsche, Judith Haendeler, Heiner Schaal, Jens W. Fischer, Faiza Kalfalah, Hans Reinke, Guido Reifenberger, Kai Stühler, Natascia Ventura, Sabrina Gundermann, Petra Boukamp, Fritz Boege. The hallmarks of fibroblast ageing, mechanisms of ageing and development, 138, 2014, Pages 26–44. 2014, 138, pp. 26–44, ISSN 0047–6374, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2014.03.004.

  159. Huh MI, Kim MS, Kim HK, et al. Effect of conditioned media collected from human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (hAFSCs) on skin regeneration and photo-aging. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2014;11:171 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-014-0412-1.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Togel F, Hu Z, Weiss K, et al. Administered mesenchymal stem cells protect against ischemic acute renal failure through differentiation-independent mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289:F31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Liu J, Han G, Liu H, et al. Suppression of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: a possible role of Wnt and Akt signaling. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62844.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Oh M, et al. Promotive effects of human induced pluripotent stem cell-conditioned medium on the proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2017;22:561–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Chen L, Tredget EE, Wu PY, Wu Y. Paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells and enhance wound healing. PloS One. 2008;3:e1886.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Bae J-S, Lee S-H, Kim J-E, Choi J-Y, Park R-W, Park JY, Park H-S, Sohn Y-S, Lee D-S, Lee EB. βig-h3 supports keratinocyte adhesion, migration, and proliferation through α3β1 integrin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002;294:940–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Zhou B-R, Xu Y, Guo S-L, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhu F, Permatasari F, Wu D, Yin Z-Q, Luo D. The effect of conditioned media of adipose-derived stem cells on wound healing after ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing. BioMed Res. Int. 2013;519:126.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Peng Y, Baulier E, Ke Y, Young A, Ahmedli NB, Schwartz SD, et al. Human embryonic stem cells extracellular vesicles and their effects on immortalized human retinal Müller cells. PLoS ONE. 2018, 13(3), p. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019400.

  167. Harris MT, Butler DL, Boivin GP, Florer JB, Schantz EJ, Wenstrup RJ. Mesenchymal stem cells used for rabbit tendon repair can form ectopic bone and express alkaline phosphatase activity in constructs. J Orthop Res. 2004;22:998–1003.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Mascetti VL, Pedersen RA. Human-mouse chimerism validates human stem cell pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;18:67–72.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Gandia C, Armiñan A, García-Verdugo JM, Lledó E, Ruiz A, Miñana MD, Sanchez-Torrijos J, Payá R, Mirabet V, Carbonell-Uberos F, Llop M, Montero JA, Sepúlveda P. Human dental pulp stem cells improve left ventricular function, induce angiogenesis, and reduce infarct size in rats with acute myocardial infarction. Stem Cells. 2007;26(3):638–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Perry BC, Zhou D, Wu X, Yang FC, Byers MA, Chu TM, Hockema JJ, Woods EJ, Goebel WS. Collection, cryopreservation, and characterization of human dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells for banking and clinical use. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2008;14(2):149–56.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  171. Garcia-Olmo D, Garcia-Arranz M, Herreros D, et al. A phase I clinical trial of the treatment of Crohn’s fistula by adipose mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:1416–23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. de Mendonça CA, Bueno DF, Martins MT, Kerkis I, Kerkis A, Fanganiello RD, Cerruti H, Alonso N, Passos-Bueno MR. Reconstruction of large cranial defects in nonimmunosuppressed experimental design with human dental pulp stem cells. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19(1):204–10.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Seo BM, Sonoyama W, Yamaza T, Coppe C, Kikuiri T, Akiyama K, Lee JS, Shi S. SHED repair critical-size calvarial defects in mice. Oral Dis. 2008;14(5):428–34.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Abbas, Diakonov I., Sharpe P. Neural crest origin of dental stem cells. Pan European Federation of the International Association for Dental Research (PEF IADR). 2008, Vols. Seq #96 - Oral Stem Cells.

  175. Kerkis I, Ambrosio CE, Kerkis A, Martins DS, Gaiad TP, Morini AC, Vieira NM, Marina P, et al. Early transplantation of human immature dental pulp stem cells from baby teeth to golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs. J Transl Med. 2008;6:35.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. Xianrui Yang, Li Li, Li Xiao, Donghui Zhang. Recycle the dental fairy’s package: overview of dental pulp stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018, 9, 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1094-8.

  177. Wang J, Wang X, Sun Z, Wang X, Yang H, Shi S, Wang S. Stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth can differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19:1375–83.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  178. Wang J, et al. The odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells on nanofibrous poly (L-lactic acid) scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater. 2010;6(10):3856–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Davies OG, Cooper PR, Shelton RM, Smith AJ, Scheven BA. A comparison of the in vitro mineralisation and dentinogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow and dental pulp. J Bone Miner Metab. 2015;33:371–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Huang GT-J, Shagramanova K, Chan SW. Formation of odontoblast-like cells from cultured human dental pulp cells on dentin in vitro. J Endod. 2006;32:1066–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Shi S, Robey PG, Gronthos S. Comparison of human dental pulp and bone marrow stromal stem cells by cDNA microarray analysis. Bone. 2001;29(6):532–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, Robey PG, Shi S. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:13625–30.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Nuti N, Corallo C, Chan BMF, Ferrari M, Gerami-Naini B. Multipotent differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells: a literature review. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2016;12:511–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Ferro F, et al. Dental pulp stem cells differentiation reveals new insights in Oct4A dynamics. PloS One. 2012;7(7):e41774.

  185. Conde MCM, Chisini LA, Grazioli G, Francia A, Carvalho RVd, Alcázar JCB, Tarquinio SBC, Demarco FF. Does cryopreservation affect the biological properties of stem cells from dental tissues? A systematic review. Braz Dent J. 2016;1210(6):633-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600980.

  186. Papaccio G, Graziano A, d’Aquino R, Graziano MF, Pirozzi G, Menditti D, De Rosa A, Carinci F, Laino G. Long-term cryopreservation of dental pulp stem cells (SBP-DPSCs) and their differentiated osteoblasts: a cell source for tissue repair. J Cell Physiol. 2006;208:319–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Alge DL, Zhou D, Adams LL, et. al. Donor-matched comparison of dental pulp stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2010;4(1):73–81.

  188. Jo Y-Y, Lee H-J, Kook S-Y, Choung H-W, Park J-Y, Chung J-H, Choung Y-H, Kim E-S, Yang H-C, Choung P-H. Isolation and characterization of postnatal stem cells from human dental tissues. Tissue Eng. 2007;13:767–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Gronthos S, Brahim J, Li W, Fisher LW, Cherman N, Boyde A, DenBesten P, Robey PG, Shi S. Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J Dent Res. 2002;81:531–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Laino G, d’Aquino R, Graziano A, Lanza V, Carinci F, Naro F, Pirozzi G, Papaccio G. A new population of human adult dental pulp stem cells: a useful source of living autologous fibrous bone tissue (LAB). J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:1394–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Zainal A, Shahrul H, et al. In vitro chondrogenesis transformation study of mouse dental pulp stem cells. Sci World J. 2012;2012:827149.

  192. Wei X, et al. Expression of mineralization markers in dental pulp cells. J Endod. 2007;33(6):703–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Dai J, et al. The effect of co-culturing costal chondrocytes and dental pulp stem cells combined with exogenous FGF9 protein on chondrogenesis and ossification in engineered cartilage. Biomaterials. 2012;33(31):7699–711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Vasandan AB, et al. Functional differences in mesenchymal stromal cells from human dental pulp and periodontal ligament. J Cell Mol Med. 2014;18(2):344–54.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  195. Werle SB, et al. Carious deciduous teeth are a potential source for dental pulp stem cells. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;20:75–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Nemeth CL, et al. Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells using nanopatterned PEG-GelMA-HA hydrogels. Tissue Eng A. 2014;20(21–22):2817–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Paino F, Ricci G, De Rosa A, D’Aquino R, Laino L, Pirozzi G, et al. Ecto-mesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp are committed to differentiate into active melanocytes. Eur. Cell Mater. 2010;20:295–305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Ferro F, Spelat R, Baheney CS. Dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) isolation, characterization, and differentiation. In: Kioussi C, editor. Stem cells and tissue repair. Methods in molecular biology (methods and protocols): Humana Press. 2014;1210.

  199. Ishkitiev N, Yaegaki K, Imai T, Tanaka T, Nakahara T, Ishikawa H, Mitev V, Haapasalo M. High-purity hepatic lineage differentiated from dental pulp stem cells in serum-free medium. J Endod. 2012;38:475–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 


Page 2

Skip to main content

From: Stem cells: past, present, and future

SHED type Role in regenerative medicine References
Adipocytes Heart muscle regeneration, cardiovascular disease prevention, treatment of spine and orthopaedic conditions, congestive heart failure, Crohn’s disease [169,170,171]
Chondrocytes Cartilage growth, suitable for transplants [130, 172]
Osteoblasts Bone tissues suitable for transplant, teeth growth, craniofacial defects, bone regeneration [173, 174]
Mesenchymal Spinal cord injury repair, restoration of feeling and movement in paralyzed patients, treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases [103, 105, 121, 170, 175]