As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
habanera
a Cuban dance in duple time
[ 36 ]
African American music began incorporating Afro-Cuban rhythmic motifs in the nineteenth century, when the habanera (Cuban contradanza ) gained international popularity.
pentatonic scale
a gapped scale with five notes
[ 58 ] The African use of pentatonic scales contributed to the development of blue notes in blues and jazz.
bop
hit hard
[ 15 ]
Commercially oriented or popular music-influenced forms of jazz have both long been criticized, at least since the emergence of Bop.
bebop
an early form of modern jazz (originating around 1940)
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
jazz
genre of American music that developed in the 20th century
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern United States .
cool jazz
jazz that is restrained and fluid and marked by intricate harmonic structures often lagging slightly behind the beat
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
pentatonic
relating to a pentatonic scale
[ 58 ] The African use of pentatonic scales contributed to the development of blue notes in blues and jazz.
malignment
slanderous defamation
In Aaron J. West's introduction to his analysis of smooth jazz, "Caught Between Jazz and Pop" he states,
I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative.
music genre
an expressive style of music
[ 33 ] With this music genre, we see the emergence of a drumming tradition that is distinct from its Caribbean counterparts, expressing a sensibility that is uniquely African American.
jazz musician
a musician who plays or composes jazz music
Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".
syncopate
modify the rhythm by stressing or accenting a weak beat
As a result, an original African American drum and fife music arose, featuring tresillo and related syncopated rhythmic figures.
modal
relating to or expressing the mood of a verb
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
rhythmic pattern
(prosody) a system of versification
African-based rhythmic patterns were retained in the United States in large part, through "body rhythms," such as stomping, clapping, and patting juba .
ostinato
a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition
According to Gillespie, Pozo composed the layered, contrapuntal guajeos (Afro-Cuban ostinatos ) of the A section and the introduction, while Gillespie wrote the bridge.
Miles Davis
United States jazz musician; noted for his trumpet style
Gene Johnson – alto, Brew Moore – tenor; the first band to explore modal harmony (a concept explored much later by Miles Davis and Gil Evans ) from a jazz arranging perspective.
speech pattern
distinctive manner of oral expression
[ 19 ] The rhythms had a counter-metric structure, and reflected African speech patterns.
Jelly Roll Morton
United States jazz musician who moved from ragtime to New Orleans jazz (1885-1941)
Jelly Roll Morton called the rhythmic figure the Spanish tinge , and considered it an essential ingredient of jazz.
duple
consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs
Tresillo is the most basic and by far, the most prevalent duple-pulse rhythmic cell in sub-Saharan African music traditions , and the music of the African Diaspora .
vibraphonist
a musician who plays the vibraphone
In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist Teddy Wilson , vibraphonist Lionel Hampton and guitarist Charlie Christian to join small groups.
time signature
a musical notation indicating the number of beats to a measure and kind of note that takes a beat
Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with other musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will.
Tanga
a port city in northeastern Tanzania on the Indian Ocean
The general consensus among musicians and musicologists is that the first original jazz piece to be overtly based in-clave was "
Tanga" (1943) composed by Cuban-born Mario Bauza and recorded by Machito and his Afro-Cubans in New York City.
highlife
excessive spending
Pianist Randy Weston 's music incorporated African elements, for example, the large-scale suite "Uhuru Africa" (with the participation of poet Langston Hughes ) and "
Highlife: Music From the New African Nations."
trumpet section
the section of a band or orchestra that plays trumpets or cornets
They were playing all the flatted fifth chords and all the modern harmonies and substitutions and Dizzy Gillespie runs in the trumpet section work.
Francis Albert Sinatra
United States singer and film actor (1915-1998)
The resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom with 1963's Getz/Gilberto , numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald ( Ella Abraça Jobim ) and Frank Sinatra ( Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim ) and the entrenchment of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the present.
African American
an American whose ancestors were born in Africa
Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition.
congo
black tea grown in China
[ 38 ] From the perspective of African American music , the habanera rhythm (also known as congo , [ 39 ] tango-congo , [ 40 ] or tango .
superimpose
place on top of
[ 73 ] Swing superimposes six subdivisions of the beat over a basic pulse structure or four subdivisions.
work song
a usually rhythmical song to accompany repetitious work
A form of folk music which rose in part from work songs and field hollers of rural Blacks, early blues was also highly improvisational.
percussion instrument
a musical instrument in which the sound is produced by one object striking another
African Americans also used everyday household items as percussion instruments.
Scott Joplin
United States composer who was the first creator of ragtime to write down his compositions (1868-1917)
[ 45 ] The figure was also used by Scott Joplin and other ragtime composers.
Dizzy Gillespie
United States jazz trumpeter and exponent of bebop
The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker , pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk , trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown , and drummer Max Roach .
mid-sixties
the time of life between 60 and 70
Generally, the term post-bop is taken to mean jazz from the mid-sixties onward that assimilates influence from hard bop , modal jazz , the avant-garde , and free jazz , without necessarily being immediately identifiable as any of the above.
ragtime
music with a syncopated melody (usually for the piano)
[ 3 ]
Because it spans music from Ragtime to the present day – over 100 years now – jazz can be very difficult to define.
referent
something referred to; the object of a reference
[ 118 ] Within the context of jazz however, harmony is the primary referent, not rhythm.
key pattern
an ornamental pattern consisting of repeated vertical and horizontal lines (often in relief)
The use of clave brought the African timeline , or key pattern , into jazz.
percussionist
a musician who plays percussion instruments
Cuban percussionist Mongo Santamaria first recorded his composition " Afro Blue " in 1959.
headhunter
a savage who cuts off and preserves the heads of enemies as trophies
Musicians who worked with Davis formed the four most influential fusion groups: Weather Report and Mahavishnu Orchestra emerged in 1971 and were soon followed by Return to Forever and The Headhunters .
seventh chord
a triad with a seventh added
Each of the four parts features a recurring theme and a striding bass line with copious seventh chords .
Handy
United States blues musician who transcribed and published traditional blues music (1873-1958)
Handy , an out of work African American cornet player, with experience in minstrel shows and brass bands, encountered his first blues (or proto-blues) song.
improvisation
a performance given without planning or preparation
Its African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes , improvisation , polyrhythms , syncopation and the swung note .
electronic instrument
a musical instrument that generates sounds electronically
A second characteristic of jazz-funk music is the use of electric instruments, and the first use of analogue electronic instruments notably by Herbie Hancock , whose jazz-funk period saw him surrounded on stage or in the studio by several Moog synthesizers .
scat singing
singing jazz
After leaving Henderson's group, Armstrong formed his virtuosic Hot Five band, where he popularized scat singing .
conga
a Latin American dance of 3 steps and a kick by people in single file
[ 120 ]
Mario Bauzá introduced bebop innovator Dizzy Gillespie to the Cuban conga drummer, dancer, composer, and choreographer Chano Pozo .
module
an inherent cognitive or perceptual power of the mind
Melodic variety is created by transposing the module in accordance to the harmonic sequence, as Rick Davies observes in his detailed analysis of the first moña:
The moña consists of a two-measure module and its repetition, which is altered to reflect the montuno chord progression.
mid-nineties
the time of life between 90 and 100
Davis' ex-bandmate Herbie Hancock returned to hip hop influences in the mid-nineties, releasing the album Dis Is Da Drum in 1994.
Charlie Parker
United States saxophonist and leader of the bop style of jazz (1920-1955)
The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker , pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk , trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown , and drummer Max Roach .
harmonic
involving or characterized by harmony
[ 22 ]
Another influence came from black slaves who had learned the harmonic style of hymns of the church, and incorporated it into their own music as spirituals .
blue note
a flattened third or seventh
Its African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes , improvisation , polyrhythms , syncopation and the swung note .
harmonic progression
(mathematics) a progression of terms whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression
The harmonic progression can begin on either side of clave, and the harmonic "one" is always understood to be "one."
musical style
an expressive style of music
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern United States .
tonal system
the system of tones used in a particular language or dialect of a tone language
Kubik states: “Auditory inclinations were the African legacy in [Parker’s] life, reconfirmed by the experience of the blues tonal system, a sound world at odds with the Western diatonic chord categories.
popular music
any genre of music having wide appeal
[ 1 ] From its early development until the present day jazz has also incorporated music from American popular music .
dance band
a group of musicians playing popular music for dancing
In addition to dance bands, numerous marching bands played at lavish funerals arranged by the African American and European American community.
syncopation
a musical rhythm accenting a normally weak beat
Its African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes , improvisation , polyrhythms , syncopation and the swung note .
funk
a state of nervous depression
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin ...
African-American music
music created by African-American musicians
The ultimate significance of all this is that the experiments in jazz during the 1940s brought back to African-American music several structural principles and techniques rooted in African traditions—Kubik (2005).
cakewalk
a strutting dance based on a march
[ 24 ]
In the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments, particularly the violin , which they used to parody European dance music in their own cakewalk dances.
lounge lizard
a man who idles about in the lounges of hotels and bars in search of women who would support him
Examples of this style include Lydia Lunch 's Queen of Siam , [ 171 ] the work of James Chance and the Contortions , who mixed Soul with free jazz and punk , [ 171 ] Gray, and the Lounge Lizards , [ 171 ] who were the first group to call themselves " punk jazz ".
Louis Armstrong
United States pioneering jazz trumpeter and bandleader
An oft quoted definition of swing by Louis Armstrong is: "if you don't feel it, you'll never know it."
blues
a state of depression
Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition.
big band
a large dance or jazz band usually featuring improvised solos by lead musicians
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
Dixieland
the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861
[ 9 ] In New Orleans and Dixieland jazz, performers took turns playing the melody, while others improvised countermelodies .
syncopated
stressing a normally weak beat
As a result, an original African American drum and fife music arose, featuring tresillo and related syncopated rhythmic figures.
saxophonist
a musician who plays the saxophone
Kansas City Jazz in the 1930s as exemplified by tenor saxophonist Lester Young marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s.
Cuban
of or relating to or characteristic of Cuba or the people of Cuba
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-
Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
parameter
a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied
In contrast to Davis's earlier work with the hard bop style of jazz and its complex chord progression and improvisation , [ 127 ] the entire album was composed as a series of modal sketches , in which each performer was given a set of scales that defined the parameters of their improvisation and style.
improvise
manage in a makeshift way; do with whatever is at hand
[ 4 ]
Travis Jackson has also proposed a broader definition of jazz which is able to encompass all of the radically different eras: he states that it is music that includes qualities such as "swinging", improvising, group interaction, developing an 'individual voice', and being 'open' to different musical possibilities".
altissimo
very high
A series of recordings with the Classic Quartet in the first half of 1965 show John Coltrane's playing becoming increasingly abstract, with greater incorporation of devices like multiphonics , utilization of overtones, and playing in the altissimo register, as well as a mutated return to Coltrane's sheets of sound .
jazz band
a small band of jazz musicians
[ 94 ]
From 1919 Kid Ory 's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los Angeles where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make recordings.
cootie
a parasitic louse that infests the body of human beings
He often composed specifically for the style and skills of these individuals, such as "Jeep's Blues" for Johnny Hodges , "Concerto for Cootie" for Cootie Williams , which later became " Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me " with Bob Russell 's lyrics, and "The Mooche" for Tricky Sam Nanton and Bubber Miley .
Ellington
United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader
Duke Ellington summed it up by saying, "It's all music."
musician
someone who plays a musical instrument (as a profession)
Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".
okeh
an endorsement
Some music researchers hold that it was Philadelphia's Eddie Lang and Joe Venuti who pioneered the guitar-violin partnership typical of the genre, [ 104 ] which was brought to France after they had been heard live or on Okeh Records in the late 1920s.
modern jazz
any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940
Two years later I read that that was 'bop' and the beginning of modern jazz ... but the band never made recordings.
Duke Ellington
United States jazz composer and piano player and bandleader
Duke Ellington summed it up by saying, "It's all music."
rhythm section
the section of a band or orchestra that plays percussion instruments
[ 8 ]
The jazz soloist is often supported by a rhythm section who "comp" (ac
comp any the soloist), by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and complement the soloist.
rhythm and blues
a combination of blues and jazz that was developed in the United States by Black musicians; an important precursor of rock 'n' roll
Hard bop is an extension of bebop (or "bop") music that incorporates influences from rhythm and blues , gospel music , and blues , especially in the saxophone and piano playing.
avant-garde
radically new or original
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
musical arrangement
a piece of music that has been adapted for performance by a particular set of voices or instruments
They were also the first band to overtly explore the concept of clave conterpoint from an arranging standpoint: the ability to weave seamlessly from one side of the clave to the other without breaking its rhythmic integrity within the structure of a musical arrangement.
dance music
music to dance to
[ 24 ]
In the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments, particularly the violin , which they used to parody European dance music in their own cakewalk dances.
1940s
the decade from 1940 to 1949
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
soloist
a musician who performs a solo
[ 8 ]
The jazz soloist is often supported by a rhythm section who "comp" (ac
comp any the soloist), by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and complement the soloist.
reconfirm
confirm again
Kubik states: “Auditory inclinations were the African legacy in [Parker’s] life, reconfirmed by the experience of the blues tonal system, a sound world at odds with the Western diatonic chord categories.
hot pepper
plant bearing very hot medium-sized oblong red peppers
[ 100 ]
Jelly Roll Morton recorded with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in an early mixed-race collaboration, then in 1926 formed his Red Hot Peppers .
Europeanization
assimilation into European culture
Some survived, others were discarded as the Europeanization progressed.
mongo
100 mongo equal 1 tugrik in Mongolia
Cuban percussionist Mongo Santamaria first recorded his composition " Afro Blue " in 1959.
marching band
a band that marches and plays music at the same time
Black musicians were able to provide "low-class" entertainment in dances, minstrel shows , and in vaudeville , by which many marching bands formed.
griot
a storyteller in West Africa
Paul Oliver has drawn attention to similarities in instruments, music and social function to the griots of Africa's western Sudanic belt.
rhythmic
recurring with measured regularity
[ 10 ] The avant-garde and free jazz idioms permit, even call for, abandoning chords, scales, and rhythmic meters.
Hammond organ
(music) an electronic simulation of a pipe organ
Soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues , gospel and rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often the organ trio , which partnered a Hammond organ player with a drummer and a tenor saxophonist.
tenor saxophonist
a musician who plays the tenor saxophone
Kansas City Jazz in the 1930s as exemplified by tenor saxophonist Lester Young marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s.
chord
a combination of three or more notes that blend harmoniously
[ 8 ] The jazz soloist is often supported by a rhythm section who "comp" (ac
comp any the soloist), by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and complement the soloist.
musical genre
an expressive style of music
John Storm Roberts states that the musical genre habanera, "reached the U.S. twenty years before the first rag was published."
King Oliver
United States jazz musician who influenced the style of Louis Armstrong (1885-1938)
[ 95 ] [ 96 ] However, the main center developing the new " Hot Jazz " was Chicago , where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson .
rhythm
an interval during which a recurring sequence occurs
[ 8 ]
The jazz soloist is often supported by a rhythm section who "comp" (ac
comp any the soloist), by playing chords and rhythms that outline the song structure and complement the soloist.
danceable
suitable for dancing
[ 107 ]
In the early 1940s bebop-style performers began to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more challenging "musician's music."
passing note
a nonharmonic note inserted for transition between harmonic notes
Bebop scales are traditional scales, with an added chromatic passing note.
Coleman Hawkins
United States jazz saxophonist (1904-1969)
According to Schuller, by comparison, the solos by Armstrong's bandmates (including a young Coleman Hawkins ), sounded "stiff, stodgy," with "jerky rhythms and a grey undistinguished tone quality."
sheet music
a musical composition in printed or written form
[ 37 ] Habaneras were widely available as sheet music.
synthesizer
(music) an electronic instrument (usually played with a keyboard) that generates and modifies sounds electronically and can imitate a variety of other musical instruments
The album featured a softer sound than would be the case in later years (predominantly using acoustic bass, with Shorter exclusively playing soprano saxophone , and with no synthesizers involved) but is still considered a classic of early fusion.
homophonic
having the same sound
However, as Gerhard Kubik points out, whereas the spirituals are homophonic , rural blues and early jazz "was largely based on concepts of heterophony ."
snare drum
a small drum with two heads and a snare stretched across the lower head
[ 32 ] See: The Ringshout and the Birth of African-American Religion
Two decades after drumming was banned in Congo Square, in the post-Civil War period (after 1865), African Americans were able to obtain surplus military bass drums, snare drums and fifes.
double bass
largest and lowest member of the violin family
The main instruments are steel stringed guitar, violin , and double bass .
offbeat
strikingly unconventional
"Maple Leaf Rag" is a multi- strain ragtime march with athletic bass lines and offbeat melodies .
bpm
the pace of music measured by the number of beats occurring in 60 seconds
In general, smooth jazz is downtempo (the most widely played tracks are in the 90–105 BPM range), layering a lead, melody-playing instrument ( saxophones –especially soprano and tenor –are the most popular, with legato electric guitar playing a close second).
minstrel show
a variety show in which the performers are made up in blackface
In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment.
electric guitar
a guitar whose sound is amplified by electrical means
In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, "fuzz" pedals , wah-wah pedals , and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands.
soul brother
a fellow Black man
Rap duo Pete Rock & CL Smooth incorporated jazz influences on their 1992 debut Mecca and the Soul Brother .
fusion
the act of melding or melting together
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin ...
saxophone
a single-reed woodwind with a conical bore
Around 1912, when the four-string banjo and saxophone came in, the musicians began to improvise the melody line, but the harmony and rhythm remained unchanged.
bassist
a musician who play the bass viol
The bassist Charles Mingus is also frequently associated with the avant-garde in jazz, although his compositions draw from myriad styles and genres.
popularize
cater to popular taste to make popular and present to the general public; bring into general or common use
In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment.
harmonically
with respect to harmony
It can be as harmonically expansive as post-bop jazz.
Saharan
of or relating to or located in the Sahara Desert
[ 18 ]
By 1808 the Atlantic slave trade had brought almost half a million Sub-
Saharan Africans to the United States.
proto
indicating the first or earliest or original
For the more than quarter-century in which the cakewalk , ragtime , and proto-jazz were forming and developing, the habanera was a consistent part of African American popular music.
samba
a lively ballroom dance from Brazil
Brazilian jazz such as bossa nova is derived from samba , with influences from jazz and other 20th century classical and popular music styles.
mambo
a Latin American dance similar in rhythm to the rumba
The rhythm of the melody of the A section is identical to a common mambo bell pattern .
new jazz
any of various styles of jazz that appeared after 1940
There were many new jazz compositions with African-related titles: "Black Nile" (Wayne Shorter), "Blue Nile" (Alice Coltrane), "Obirin African" (Art Blakey), "Zambia" (Lee Morgan), "Appointment in Ghana" (The Jazz Crusaders), "Marabi" (Cannonball Adderley), "Yoruba" (Hubert Laws), and many more.
Gillespie
United States jazz trumpeter and exponent of bebop
The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker , pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk , trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown , and drummer Max Roach .
Joplin
United States singer who died of a drug overdose at the height of her popularity (1943-1970)
[ 45 ] The figure was also used by Scott Joplin and other ragtime composers.
sound effect
an effect that imitates a sound called for in the script of a play
Of note is the sheet of sound effect in arrangements of "Tanga," through the use of multiple layering.
real McCoy
informal usage attributing authenticity
Key albums include Speak No Evil by Wayne Shorter ; The Real McCoy by McCoy Tyner ; Maiden Voyage by Herbie Hancock ; Miles Smiles by Miles Davis; and Search for the New Land by Lee Morgan (an artist not typically associated with the post-bop genre).
jazzy
resembling jazz (especially in its rhythm)
There was a larger market for jazzy dance music played by white orchestras, such as Jean Goldkette 's orchestra and Paul Whiteman 's orchestra.
cover version
a recording of a song that was first recorded or made popular by somebody else
In September 1917 Handy's Orchestra of Memphis recorded a cover version of "Livery Stable Blues."
genre
a kind of literary or artistic work
[ 33 ] With this music genre, we see the emergence of a drumming tradition that is distinct from its Caribbean counterparts, expressing a sensibility that is uniquely African American.
Diaspora
the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
Tresillo is the most basic and by far, the most prevalent duple-pulse rhythmic cell in sub-Saharan African music traditions , and the music of the African Diaspora .
filum
a threadlike structure (as a chainlike series of cells)
It ranges from combining live instrumentation with beats of jazz house , exemplified by St Germain , Jazzanova and Fila Brazillia , to more band-based improvised jazz with electronic elements such as that of The Cinematic Orchestra , Kobol , and the Norwegian "future jazz" style pioneered by Bugge Wesseltoft , Jaga Jazzist , Nils Petter Molvær , and others.
hot jazz
jazz that is emotionally charged and intense and marked by strong rhythms and improvisation
[ 95 ] [ 96 ] However, the main center developing the new " Hot Jazz " was Chicago , where King Oliver joined Bill Johnson .
bass drum
a large drum with two heads
[ 32 ] See: The Ringshout and the Birth of African-American Religion
Two decades after drumming was banned in Congo Square, in the post-Civil War period (after 1865), African Americans were able to obtain surplus military bass drums, snare drums and fifes.
backbeat
a loud steady beat
[ 41 ] ) can be thought of as a combination of tresillo and the backbeat .
keyboardist
a musician who plays a keyboard instrument
Notable performers of jazz fusion included Miles Davis , keyboardists Joe Zawinul , Chick Corea , Herbie Hancock , vibraphonist Gary Burton , drummer Tony Williams , violinist Jean-Luc Ponty , guitarists Larry Coryell , Al Di Meola , John McLaughlin and Frank Zappa , saxophonist Wayne Shorter and bassists Jaco Pastorius and Stanley Clarke .
hand-pick
pick personally and very carefully
The band reached a creative peak in the early 1940s, when Ellington and a small hand-picked group of his composers and arrangers wrote for an orchestra of distinctive voices who displayed tremendous creativity.
criollo
a Spanish American of pure European stock (usually Spanish)
[ 43 ] The piano piece "Ojos Criollos (Danse Cubaine)" (1860) by New Orleans native Louis Moreau Gottschalk , was influenced by the composer's studies in Cuba.
jazz up
make more interesting or lively
"Chékere-son" (1976) introduced a style of "Cubanized" bebop-flavored horn lines, that departed from the more "angular" guajeo -based lines typical of Cuban popular music, and Latin jazz up until that time.
salsa
spicy sauce of tomatoes and onions and chili peppers to accompany Mexican foods
In addition to common jazz concepts, soloists in Latin jazz draw from the improvisational vocabulary of the Afro-Cuban descarga (jazz-inspired instrumental jams), and popular dance forms such as salsa .
melodic
containing or characterized by a pleasing tune or sound
The singer improvised freely, and the melodic range was limited, sounding like a field holler.
Deep South
the southeastern region of the United States: South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama and Mississippi and Louisiana; prior to the American Civil War all these states produced cotton and permitted slavery
Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre [ 57 ] that originated in African-American communities of primarily the " Deep South " of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals , work songs , field hollers , shouts and chants , and rhymed simple narrative ballads .
sander
a power tool used for sanding wood
In the 1960s, performers included Archie Shepp , Sun Ra , Albert Ayler , Pharaoh Sanders , John Coltrane , and others.
solo
any activity that is performed alone without assistance
[ 13 ] On the other hand Ellington's friend Earl Hines 's twenty solo "transformative versions" of Ellington compositions [ 14 ] were described by Ben Ratliff, the New York Times jazz critic, as "as good an example of the jazz process as anything out there."
northeastern United States
the northeastern region of the United States
[ 90 ]
In the northeastern United States, a "hot" style of playing ragtime had developed, notably James Reese Europe 's symphonic Clef Club orchestra in New York which played a benefit concert at Carnegie Hall in 1912.
common chord
a three-note major or minor chord
Bebop made use of several relatively common chord progressions, such as blues (at base, I-IV-V, but infused with II-V motion) and 'rhythm changes' (I-VI-II-V, the chords to the 1930s pop standard " I Got Rhythm ."
wedding band
a ring given to the bride at the wedding
The host of a progressive radio jazz program, Passport to Modern Jazz on KRVS-FM , D'Jalma Garnier , plays New Orleans jazz from all periods, as well as latest contemporary and avant-garde , like the Bulgarian wedding band Ivo Papasov that successfully fuses Bulgarian folk using the kaval with American free jazz instrumentation and riffs.
punk rock
rock music with deliberately offensive lyrics expressing anger and social alienation; in part a reaction against progressive rock
In London, the Pop Group began to mix free jazz, along with dub reggae, into their brand of punk rock.
contrapuntal
having independent but harmonically related melodic parts
According to Gillespie, Pozo composed the layered, contrapuntal guajeos (Afro-Cuban ostinatos ) of the A section and the introduction, while Gillespie wrote the bridge.
progression
the act of moving forward, as toward a goal
Later styles of jazz such as modal jazz abandoned the strict notion of a chord progression , allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or mode.
Lionel Hampton
United States musician who was the first to use the vibraphone as a jazz instrument (1913-2002)
In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist Teddy Wilson , vibraphonist Lionel Hampton and guitarist Charlie Christian to join small groups.
African
a native or inhabitant of Africa
It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions.
incorporate
make into a whole or make part of a whole
[ 1 ] From its early development until the present day jazz has also incorporated music from American popular music .
reinterpret
understand from a different viewpoint
And it is also true that Duke Ellington adopted and reinterpreted some harmonic devices in European contemporary music.
meld
mix or become mixed together
[ 106 ] These included many of the musicians who were members of his orchestra, some of whom are considered among the best in jazz in their own right, but it was Ellington who melded them into one of the most well-known jazz orchestral units in the history of jazz.
institutionalize
cause to be admitted, as a person to a hospital
Village Voice jazz critic Gary Giddins argues that as the creation and dissemination of jazz is becoming increasingly institutionalized and dominated by major entertainment firms, jazz is facing a "...perilous future of respectability and disinterested acceptance."
major scale
a diatonic scale with notes separated by whole tones except for the 3rd and 4th and 7th and 8th
The blue notes that, for expressive purposes are sung or played flattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd) in relation to the pitch of the major scale , are also an important part of the sound.
instrumentation
the act of providing or using the instruments needed for some implementation
He used the same pattern and instrumentation on the first recording of "Afro Blue" (1959).
Bessie Smith
United States blues singer (1894-1937)
That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith , the most famous of the 1920s blues singers.
punk
a performer or enthusiast of an alienated rock subculture
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin ...
melodic line
a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence
[ 124 ]
By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency towards calm and smoothness, with the sounds of cool jazz , which favoured long, linear melodic lines.
black music
music created by African-American musicians
Ned Sublette postulates that the tresillo/habanera rhythm "found its way into ragtime and the cakewalk," [ 55 ] while Roberts suggests that "the habanera influence may have been part of what freed black music from ragtime's European bass."
bandleader
the leader of a dance band
Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie , Cab Calloway , Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Fletcher Henderson , Earl Hines , Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw .
Artie Shaw
United States clarinetist and leader of a swing band
Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie , Cab Calloway , Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Fletcher Henderson , Earl Hines , Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw .
African-American
an American whose ancestors were born in Africa
[ 32 ] See: The Ringshout and the Birth of African-American Religion
Two decades after drumming was banned in Congo Square, in the post-Civil War period (after 1865), African Americans were able to obtain surplus military bass drums, snare drums and fifes.
marginalization
the social process of becoming or being made marginal
In Aaron J. West's introduction to his analysis of smooth jazz, "Caught Between Jazz and Pop" he states,
I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative.
Negroid
a person with dark skin who comes from Africa
I began to suspect that there was something Negroid in that beat."
folk dance
a style of dancing that originated among ordinary people
[ 26 ] A fundamental rhythmic figure heard in Gottschalk's compositions such as "Souvenirs From Havana" (1859), many different slave musics of the Caribbean, as well as the bamboula, and other Afro-Caribbean folk dances performed in New Orleans Congo Square , is the three-stroke pattern known in Cuban music as tresillo .
Hancock
American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1793)
Other innovators in this style include Jackie McLean , [ 132 ] John Coltrane and Bill Evans , also present on Kind of Blue , as well as later musicians such as Herbie Hancock .
pianist
a person who plays the piano
In a 1975 film, pianist Earl Hines said,
...
Benny Goodman
United States clarinetist who in 1934 formed a big band (including black as well as white musicians) and introduced a kind of jazz known as swing (1909-1986)
Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie , Cab Calloway , Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Fletcher Henderson , Earl Hines , Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw .
cornetist
a musician who plays the trumpet or cornet
[ 65 ]
The cornetist Buddy Bolden led a band often mentioned as one of the prime movers of the style later to be called "jazz".
Arnold Schoenberg
United States composer and musical theorist (born in Austria) who developed atonal composition (1874-1951)
[ 114 ] Samuel Floyd states that blues were both the bedrock and propelling force of bebop, bringing about three main developments:
While for an outside observer, the harmonic innovations in bebop would appear to be inspired by experiences in Western "serious" music, from Claude Debussy to Arnold Schoenberg , such a scheme cannot be sustained by the evidence from a cognitive approach.
Jimi Hendrix
United States guitarist whose innovative style with electric guitars influenced the development of rock music (1942-1970)
[ 153 ]
In the late 1960s and early 1970s the hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix .
single-celled
having a single cell (and thus not divided into cells)
[ 47 ] Although technically, the pattern is only half a clave , Marsalis makes the important point that the single-celled figure is the guide-pattern of New Orleans music.
guitar player
a musician who plays the guitar
As Davis recalls: "The music I was really listening to in 1968 was James Brown , the great guitar player Jimi Hendrix , and a new group who had just come out with a hit record, "Dance to the Music," Sly and the Family Stone.
pop group
a group that plays pop music
In London, the Pop Group began to mix free jazz, along with dub reggae, into their brand of punk rock.
tonality
any of 24 major or minor diatonic scales that provide the tonal framework for a piece of music
Bebop musicians eliminated Western-style functional harmony in their music while retaining the strong central tonality of the blues as a basis for drawing upon various African matrices.”
polyphonic
of or relating to or characterized by polyphony
The original New Orleans style was polyphonic, with theme variation, and simultaneous collective improvisation.
shouter
someone who communicates vocally in a very loud voice
"It always rouses my imagination," wrote Lydia Parrish of the Georgia Sea Islands in 1942, "to see the way in which the McIntosh County '
shouters' tap their heels on the resonant floor to imitate the beat of the drum their forebears were not allowed to have."
Thelonious Monk
United States jazz pianist who was one of the founders of the bebop style (1917-1982)
The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker , pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk , trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown , and drummer Max Roach .
quintette
a musical composition for five performers
Outside of the United States the beginnings of a distinct European style of jazz emerged in France with the Quintette du Hot Club de France which began in 1934.
performer
an entertainer who performs a dramatic or musical work for an audience
While in European classical music elements of interpretation, ornamentation and accompaniment are sometimes left to the performer's discretion, the performer's primary goal is to play a composition as it was written.
guitarist
a musician who plays the guitar
In the mid-1930s, Benny Goodman hired pianist Teddy Wilson , vibraphonist Lionel Hampton and guitarist Charlie Christian to join small groups.
camelia
any of several shrubs or small evergreen trees having solitary white or pink or reddish flowers
[ 75 ] The leader of the Camelia Brass Band , D'Jalma Ganier, taught Louis Armstrong to play trumpet.
jive
a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s
Gang Starr also collaborated with Branford Marsalis and Terence Blanchard .Groups making up the collective known as the Native Tongues Posse tended towards jazzy releases; these include the Jungle Brothers ' debut Straight Out the Jungle (Warlock, 1988) and A Tribe Called Quest 's People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm ( Jive , 1990) and The Low End Theory (Jive, 1991).
psychedelic
producing distorted sensory perceptions and feelings
Although inspired by rock and funk, Davis's fusion creations were original, and brought about a type of new avant-garde, electronic, psychedelic-jazz, as far from pop music as any other Davis work.
bandsman
a player in a band (especially a military band)
He also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, such as Juan Tizol 's " Caravan " and " Perdido " which brought the " Spanish Tinge " to big-band jazz.
alcoholic drink
a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent
[ 93 ]
Prohibition in the United States (from 1920 to 1933) banned the sale of alcoholic drinks, resulting in illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes.
denigrate
attack the good name and reputation of someone
[ 94 ]
Even the media began to denigrate jazz.
towner
a resident of a town or city
The ECM record label began in Germany in the 1970s with artists including Keith Jarrett , Paul Bley , the Pat Metheny Group , Jan Garbarek , Ralph Towner , Kenny Wheeler , John Taylor , John Surman and Eberhard Weber , establishing a new chamber music aesthetic, featuring mainly acoustic instruments, and sometimes incorporating elements of world music and folk music .
musical scale
(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave)
Modal jazz is a development beginning in the later 1950s which takes the mode , or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation.
Glenn Miller
United States bandleader of a popular big band (1909-1944)
Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie , Cab Calloway , Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Fletcher Henderson , Earl Hines , Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw .
rhythmically
in a manner recurring with measured regularity
The habanera was the first written music to be rhythmically based on an African motif (1803).
religious music
genre of music composed for performance as part of religious ceremonies
[ 176 ] Thus, he gave his music a specific meaning which is similar to the intentions of religious music, of European composers like J.S.
sub-Saharan
of or relating to or situated in the region south of the Sahara Desert
[ 18 ]
By 1808 the Atlantic slave trade had brought almost half a million Sub-Saharan Africans to the United States.
Langston Hughes
United States writer (1902-1967)
Pianist Randy Weston 's music incorporated African elements, for example, the large-scale suite "Uhuru Africa" (with the participation of poet Langston Hughes ) and "Highlife: Music From the New African Nations."
Jazz Age
the 1920s in the United States characterized in the novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald as a period of wealth, youthful exuberance, and carefree hedonism
[ 93 ]
Prohibition in the United States (from 1920 to 1933) banned the sale of alcoholic drinks, resulting in illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "
Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes.
New Orleans
a port and largest city in Louisiana
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
1950s
the decade from 1950 to 1959
[ 116 ] Despite the initial friction, by the 1950s bebop had become an accepted part of the jazz vocabulary.
extemporize
perform or speak without preparation
Armstrong's solos went well beyond the theme-improvisation concept, and extemporized on chords, rather than melodies.
ECM
electronic warfare undertaken to prevent or reduce an enemy's effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum
The ECM record label began in Germany in the 1970s with artists including Keith Jarrett , Paul Bley , the Pat Metheny Group , Jan Garbarek , Ralph Towner , Kenny Wheeler , John Taylor , John Surman and Eberhard Weber , establishing a new chamber music aesthetic, featuring mainly acoustic instruments, and sometimes incorporating elements of world music and folk music .
recording
a storage device on which information have been recorded
No recordings remain of Bolden.
vamp
piece of leather forming the upper part of a shoe
He incorporated the use of parallel fourths, with McCoy Tyner-type vamps.
arranger
a person who brings order and organization to an enterprise
Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers Count Basie , Cab Calloway , Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Fletcher Henderson , Earl Hines , Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw .
trailblazer
an innovator or pioneer in a field
Armstrong was a master of his hometown style, but by the time he joined Henderson's band, he was already a trailblazer in a new phase of jazz, with its emphasis on arrangements and soloists.
jam session
an impromptu jazz concert
"Tanga" began humbly, as a spontaneous descarga (Cuban jam session) with jazz solos superimposed on top.
tune in
regulate in order to receive a certain station or program
[ 7 ]
In jazz the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice.
folk music
the traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of people in a community
A form of folk music which rose in part from work songs and field hollers of rural Blacks, early blues was also highly improvisational.
riff
a jazz ostinato
The host of a progressive radio jazz program, Passport to Modern Jazz on KRVS-FM , D'Jalma Garnier , plays New Orleans jazz from all periods, as well as latest contemporary and avant-garde , like the Bulgarian wedding band Ivo Papasov that successfully fuses Bulgarian folk using the kaval with American free jazz instrumentation and riffs.
dissonance
disagreeable sounds
New forms of chromaticism and dissonance were introduced into jazz; the dissonant tritone (or "flatted fifth") interval became the "most important interval of bebop" [ 112 ] Chord progressions for bebop tunes were often taken directly from popular swing-era songs and reused with a new and more complex melody, forming new compositions.
bear down on
exert a force with a heavy weight
Handy wrote about his adopting of the blues:
"The primitive southern Negro, as he sang, was sure to bear down on the third and seventh tone of the scale, slurring between major and minor.
combo
a small band of jazz musicians
An early 1940s style known as "jumping the blues" or jump blues used small combos, uptempo music, and blues chord progressions.
repetitive
persistent
Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition.
stomp
walk heavily
African-based rhythmic patterns were retained in the United States in large part, through "body rhythms," such as stomping, clapping, and patting juba .
swing
change direction with a swinging motion; turn
Its African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes , improvisation , polyrhythms , syncopation and the swung note .
percussion
the act of exploding a detonator that explodes when struck
As late as 1861, a traveler in North Carolina saw dancers dressed in costumes that included horned headdresses and cow tails and heard music provided by a sheepskin-covered "gumbo box," apparently a frame drum; triangles and jawbones furnished the auxiliary percussion.
trumpeter
a musician who plays the trumpet or cornet
The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker , pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk , trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown , and drummer Max Roach .
1930s
the decade from 1930 to 1939
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
boogie-woogie
an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)
Jump blues drew on boogie-woogie from the 1930s.
grooving
the cutting of spiral grooves on the inside of the barrel of a firearm
With a strong foothold as well as in the tradition represented by Charlie Parker and John Coltrane as in contemporary African-American groove music and with a high degree of musical skills, [ 174 ] the saxophonists Steve Coleman , Greg Osby , and Gary Thomas developed unique and complex, nevertheless grooving [ 175 ] musical languages.
racial segregation
segregation by race
Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax in America: white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and black bandleaders white ones.
Wolverine
a native or resident of Michigan
[ 97 ] Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924.
blackface
the makeup used by a performer in order to imitate a Negro
In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment.
trombonist
a musician who plays the trombone
In a 1988 interview, trombonist J.J.
rag
a small piece of cloth or paper
John Storm Roberts states that the musical genre habanera, "reached the U.S. twenty years before the first rag was published."
timbale
individual serving of minced e.g. meat or fish in a rich creamy sauce baked in a small pastry mold or timbale shell
[ 136 ]
Afro-Cuban jazz often uses Afro-Cuban instruments such as congas , timbales , güiro , and claves , combined with piano, double bass, etc.
originate in
come from
Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".
Ella Fitzgerald
United States scat singer (1917-1996)
The resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom with 1963's Getz/Gilberto , numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald ( Ella Abraça Jobim ) and Frank Sinatra ( Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim ) and the entrenchment of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the present.
succotash
fresh corn and lima beans with butter or cream
Herbie Hancock's "
Succotash" on Inventions and Dimensions (1963) is an open-ended modal, 12/8 jazz-descarga (jam), improvised on the spot, with no written music.
brass band
a group of musicians playing only brass and percussion instruments
Handy , an out of work African American cornet player, with experience in minstrel shows and brass bands, encountered his first blues (or proto-blues) song.
living space
space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding
The group's evolution can be traced through the recordings The John Coltrane Quartet Plays , Living Space , Transition (both June 1965), New Thing at Newport (July 1965), Sun Ship (August 1965), and First Meditations (September 1965).
orgiastic
used of frenzied sexual activity
Free jazz and the related form of avant-garde jazz broke through into an open space of "free tonality" in which meter, beat, and formal symmetry all disappeared, and a range of World music from India, Africa, and Arabia were melded into an intense, even religiously ecstatic or orgiastic style of playing.
reggae
popular music originating in the West Indies
Jazz-funk also draws influences from traditional African music, Afro-Cuban rhythms and Jamaican reggae , most notably Kingston band leader Sonny Bradshaw .
pedal
a lever that is operated with the foot
To emphasise the group’s rejection of standard methodology, the album opened with the inscrutable avant-garde atmospheric piece “Milky Way” (created by Shorter’s extremely muted saxophone inducing vibrations in Zawinul’s piano strings while the latter pedalled the instrument).
Debussy
French composer who is said to have created Impressionism in music (1862-1918)
The ragtime idiom was eventually taken up by classical composers including Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky .
Armstrong
United States pioneering jazz trumpeter and bandleader
An oft quoted definition of swing by Louis Armstrong is: "if you don't feel it, you'll never know it."
subdivision
the act of subdividing
However, the dictionary does provide the useful description of triple subdivisions of the beat contrasted with duple subdivisions.
layered
with one thin piece on top of another
According to Gillespie, Pozo composed the layered, contrapuntal guajeos (Afro-Cuban ostinatos ) of the A section and the introduction, while Gillespie wrote the bridge.
hardcore
intensely loyal
[ 173 ] These developments are the origins of jazzcore , the fusion of free jazz with hardcore punk.
groove
a long narrow furrow cut by a natural process or a tool
Unlike hard bop , soul jazz generally emphasized repetitive grooves and melodic hooks, and improvisations were often less complex than in other jazz styles.
obsess
be preoccupied with something
They were obsessed with jazz.
maiden voyage
the first voyage of its kind
Key albums include Speak No Evil by Wayne Shorter ; The Real McCoy by McCoy Tyner ; Maiden Voyage by Herbie Hancock ; Miles Smiles by Miles Davis; and Search for the New Land by Lee Morgan (an artist not typically associated with the post-bop genre).
orchestrate
plan and direct (a complex undertaking)
[ 12 ] Some critics have even stated that Ellington's music was not jazz because it was arranged and orchestrated.
tune up
adjust for better functioning
[ 150 ] This is a very common progression, used in pieces such as Miles Davis' "
Tune Up."
pattern
a repeated design, structure, or arrangement
Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition.
jazz festival
a festival that features performances by jazz artists
Miles Davis ' performance of "Walkin' ", the title track of his album of the same year, at the very first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954, announced the style to the jazz world.
sampling
(statistics) the selection of a suitable sample for study
[ 169 ] While acid jazz often contains various types of electronic composition (sometimes including sampling or live DJ cutting and scratching), it is just as likely to be played live by musicians, who often showcase jazz interpretation as part of their performance.
acoustic
relating to the study of the physical properties of sound
The album featured a softer sound than would be the case in later years (predominantly using acoustic bass, with Shorter exclusively playing soprano saxophone , and with no synthesizers involved) but is still considered a classic of early fusion.
Congo River
a major African river
The slaves largely came from West Africa and the greater Congo River basin.
diatonic
based on or using the five tones and two semitones of the major or minor scales of western music
Kubik states: “Auditory inclinations were the African legacy in [Parker’s] life, reconfirmed by the experience of the blues tonal system, a sound world at odds with the Western diatonic chord categories.
sonority
having the character of a loud deep sound
Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "
sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".
motif
a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work
[ 36 ]
African American music began incorporating Afro-Cuban rhythmic motifs in the nineteenth century, when the habanera (Cuban contradanza ) gained international popularity.
percussive
involving percussion or featuring percussive instruments
Robert Palmer states:
An exhaustive analysis of diaries, letters, and travelers' journals from colonial times up to the Civil War, undertaken by Dena J. Epstein and detailed in her book Sinful Tunes and Spirituals [1977], yielded a surprising number of references to slave music that was primarily percussive.
livery stable
stable where horses and vehicles are kept for hire
[ 76 ]
The Original Dixieland Jass Band made the music's first recordings early in 1917, and their " Livery Stable Blues " became the earliest released jazz record .
amplify
increase the volume of
[ 153 ]
In the late 1960s and early 1970s the hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix .
musicianship
artistry in performing music
However, "...as rock became more creative and its musicianship improved, and as some in the jazz world became bored with hard bop and did not want to play strictly avant-garde music , the two different idioms began to trade ideas and occasionally combine forces."
guitar
a stringed instrument usually having six strings
The guitar accompaniment was not strummed, but was instead, like a small drum that responded in syncopated accents.
strum
sound the strings of an instrument
The guitar accompaniment was not strummed, but was instead, like a small drum that responded in syncopated accents.
Purim
(Judaism) a Jewish holy day commemorating their deliverance from massacre by Haman
Shortly after, he followed his wife Flora Purim to the United States .
timbre
the distinctive property of a complex sound
Besides energetic rhythmic textures, Airto added percussion color, using bells, shakers, and whistles to create evocative textures of timbre.
bobcat
small lynx of North America
This included Bob Crosby 's Bobcats, Max Kaminsky , Eddie Condon , and Wild Bill Davison .
Morton
United States jazz musician who moved from ragtime to New Orleans jazz (1885-1941)
Jelly Roll Morton called the rhythmic figure the Spanish tinge , and considered it an essential ingredient of jazz.
sextet
six performers or singers who perform together
The Headhunters' lineup and instrumentation, retaining only wind player Bennie Maupin from Hancock's previous sextet, reflected his new musical direction.
dichotomy
a classification into two opposed parts or subclasses
It's a dichotomy that extends from the word to the music as well.
river basin
the entire geographical area drained by a river and its tributaries; an area characterized by all runoff being conveyed to the same outlet
The slaves largely came from West Africa and the greater Congo River basin.
fife
a small high-pitched flute similar to a piccolo
[ 32 ] See: The Ringshout and the Birth of African-American Religion
Two decades after drumming was banned in Congo Square, in the post-Civil War period (after 1865), African Americans were able to obtain surplus military bass drums, snare drums and fifes.
holistic
emphasizing the organic relation between parts and the whole
[ 176 ]
In a long research process he developed a philosophical and spiritual concept connecting with certain cultural efforts that express fundamental aspects of nature and human existence in a holistic way.
debasement
mixture with extraneous material resulting in lower value
Although alteration or transformation of jazz by new influences has often been initially criticized as a “
debasement,” Andrew Gilbert argues that jazz has the “ability to absorb and transform influences” from diverse musical styles.
cannonball
a solid projectile that in former times was fired from a cannon
There were many new jazz compositions with African-related titles: "Black Nile" (Wayne Shorter), "Blue Nile" (Alice Coltrane), "Obirin African" (Art Blakey), "Zambia" (Lee Morgan), "Appointment in Ghana" (The Jazz Crusaders), "Marabi" (
Cannonball Adderley), "Yoruba" (Hubert Laws), and many more.
analog
something having a similarity to something else
A more precise term might be Afro-Latin jazz, as the jazz sub-genre typically employs rhythms that either have a direct analog in Africa, or exhibit an African rhythmic influence beyond what's ordinarily heard in other jazz.
West African
of or relating to the countries or cultures or people of West Africa
Sanabria also points out that they were the first band in the United States to publicly utilize the term Afro-Cuban as the band's moniker (Machito and the Afro-Cubans), thus identifying itself and acknowledging the West African roots of the musical form they were playing.
composer
someone who writes music as a profession
European classical music has been said to be a composer's medium.
Yoruba
a member of a West African people living chiefly in southwestern Nigeria
There were many new jazz compositions with African-related titles: "Black Nile" (Wayne Shorter), "Blue Nile" (Alice Coltrane), "Obirin African" (Art Blakey), "Zambia" (Lee Morgan), "Appointment in Ghana" (The Jazz Crusaders), "Marabi" (Cannonball Adderley), "
Yoruba" (Hubert Laws), and many more.
vocalist
a person who sings
A number of new vocalists have achieved popularity with a mix of traditional jazz and pop/rock forms, such as Diana Krall , Norah Jones , Cassandra Wilson , Kurt Elling and Jamie Cullum .
Blue Nile
a headstream of the Nile
There were many new jazz compositions with African-related titles: "Black Nile" (Wayne Shorter), "
Blue Nile" (Alice Coltrane), "Obirin African" (Art Blakey), "Zambia" (Lee Morgan), "Appointment in Ghana" (The Jazz Crusaders), "Marabi" (Cannonball Adderley), "Yoruba" (Hubert Laws), and many more.
Hendrix
United States guitarist whose innovative style with electric guitars influenced the development of rock music (1942-1970)
[ 153 ]
In the late 1960s and early 1970s the hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix .
trombone
a brass instrument with a long tube and a U-shaped slide
What’s known as the Cuban típico style of soloing on trombone draws upon the technique of stringing together moña variations.
wild pitch
an errant pitch that the catcher cannot be expected to catch and that allows a base runner to advance a base
Gang Starr's debut LP, No More Mr. Nice Guy ( Wild Pitch , 1989), and their track "Jazz Thing" ( CBS , 1990) for the soundtrack of Mo' Better Blues , sampling Charlie Parker and Ramsey Lewis .
symphonic
relating to or characteristic or suggestive of a symphony
If you’ve noticed, all of the symphonic musicians, they have played some of those classical tunes for years but they wouldn’t vary from one note – and every time they play they have to have the music.
record
anything providing permanent evidence about past events
[ 49 ] [ 50 ]
Ragtime appeared as sheet music, popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer Ernest Hogan , whose hit songs appeared in 1895; two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley".
lockjaw
an acute and serious infection of the central nervous system caused by bacterial infection of open wounds; spasms of the jaw and laryngeal muscles may occur during the late stages
Important soul jazz organists included Jimmy McGriff and Jimmy Smith and Johnny Hammond Smith , and influential tenor saxophone players included Eddie "
Lockjaw" Davis and Stanley Turrentine .
time slot
a time assigned on a schedule or agenda
Smooth jazz received frequent airplay with more straight-ahead jazz in " quiet storm " time slots at radio stations in urban markets across the U.S., helping to establish or bolster the careers of vocalists including Al Jarreau , Anita Baker , Chaka Khan and Sade .
excerpt
a passage selected from a larger work
[ 39 ] [ 54 ] The following excerpt from "Solace" is based on two different variants of the habanera rhythm.
Base
a terrorist network intensely opposed to the United States that dispenses money and logistical support and training to a wide variety of radical Islamic terrorist groups; has cells in more than 50 countries
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin ...
Irving Berlin
United States songwriter (born in Russia) who wrote more than 1500 songs and several musical comedies (1888-1989)
[ 98 ] The following example shows a short excerpt of the straight melody of "Mandy, Make Up Your Mind" by Irving Berlin (top), compared with Louis Armstrong's solo improvisations (below) (recorded 1924).
musette
a small bagpipe formerly popular in France
Belgian guitar virtuoso Django Reinhardt popularized gypsy jazz , a mix of 1930s American swing , French dance hall " musette " and Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive feel.
social function
a vaguely specified social event
Paul Oliver has drawn attention to similarities in instruments, music and social function to the griots of Africa's western Sudanic belt.
improvised
done or made using whatever is available
[ 9 ] In New Orleans and Dixieland jazz, performers took turns playing the melody, while others improvised countermelodies .
1960s
the decade from 1960 to 1969
Through the 1950s and 1960s, Dixieland was one of the most commercially popular jazz styles in the US, Europe, and Japan, although critics paid little attention to it.
bongo
a small drum; played with the hands
While there is a discernible rock and funk influence in the timbres of the instruments employed, other tonal and rhythmic textures, such as the Indian tambora and tablas, and Cuban congas and bongos, create a multi-layered soundscape.
develop
progress or evolve through a process of natural growth
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
Caribbean
region including the Caribbean Islands
[ 25 ] In the mid-1800s the white New Orleans composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk adapted slave rhythms and melodies from Cuba and other Caribbean islands, into piano salon music.
boogie
an instrumental version of the blues (especially for piano)
Jump blues drew on boogie-woogie from the 1930s.
electrify
equip for use with charged energy
[ 157 ]
Developed by the mid-1970s, is characterized by a strong back beat ( groove ), electrified sounds, [ 158 ] and often, the presence of the first electronic analog synthesizers .
scale
an ordered reference standard
Later styles of jazz such as modal jazz abandoned the strict notion of a chord progression , allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or mode.
creativity
the ability to bring something into existence
Jazz, on the other hand, is often characterized as the product of egalitarian creativity, interaction and collaboration, placing equal value on the contributions of composer (if there is one) and performer, 'adroitly weigh[ing] the respective claims of the composer and the improviser'.
codification
the act of codifying; arranging in a systematic order
[ 88 ] Like Morton, Handy's music career began in the pre-jazz era, and contributed to the codification of jazz, through the publication of some of the first jazz sheet music.
clef
a musical notation written on a staff indicating the pitch of the notes following it
[ 90 ]
In the northeastern United States, a "hot" style of playing ragtime had developed, notably James Reese Europe 's symphonic Clef Club orchestra in New York which played a benefit concert at Carnegie Hall in 1912.
Creole
a person descended from French ancestors in southern United States (especially Louisiana)
Small bands mixing self-taught and well educated African American musicians, many of whom came from the funeral-procession tradition of New Orleans , played a seminal role in the development and dissemination of early jazz, traveling throughout Black communities in the Deep South and, from around 1914 on, Afro-
Creole and African American musicians playing in vaudeville shows took jazz to western and northern US cities.
Latin
any dialect of the language of ancient Rome
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Lat...
in stride
without losing equilibrium
Handy noted a reaction to the habanera rhythm included in Will H. Tyler's "Maori"—"I observed that there was a sudden, proud and graceful reaction to the rhythm...White dancers, as I had observed them, took the number in stride.
variant
something a little different from others of the same type
[ 44 ] With Gottschalk's symphonic work "A Night in the Tropics" (1859), we hear the tresillo variant cinquillo extensively.
mainstream
the prevailing current of thought
[ 115 ]
These divergences from the jazz mainstream of the time initially met with a divided, sometimes hostile, response among fans and fellow musicians, especially established swing players, who bristled at the new harmonic sounds.
Congo
a major African river
The slaves largely came from West Africa and the greater Congo River basin.
1920s
the decade from 1920 to 1929
That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith , the most famous of the 1920s blues singers.
harken
listen; used mostly in the imperative
In the late 1940s there was a revival of " Dixieland " music, harkening back to the original contrapuntal New Orleans style.
traditionalist
one who adheres to time-honored views
Keith Jarrett has been prominent in defending free jazz from criticism by traditionalists in the 1990s and 2000s.
transpose
change the order or arrangement of
Melodic variety is created by transposing the module in accordance to the harmonic sequence, as Rick Davies observes in his detailed analysis of the first moña:
The moña consists of a two-measure module and its repetition, which is altered to reflect the montuno chord progression.
beats
a United States youth subculture of the 1950s
[ 123 ] The song begins with the bass repeatedly playing 6 cross-
beats per each measure of 12/8, or 6 cross-beats per 4 main beats—6:4 (two cells of 3:2).
quartet
a musical composition for four performers
Cool jazz recordings by Chet Baker , Dave Brubeck , Bill Evans , Gil Evans , Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a "lighter" sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop.
tango
a ballroom dance of Latin-American origin
[ 38 ] From the perspective of African American music , the habanera rhythm (also known as congo , [ 39 ] tango-congo , [ 40 ] or tango .
dizzy
having or causing a whirling sensation; liable to falling
The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker , pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk , trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown , and drummer Max Roach .
eclecticism
making decisions on the basis of what seems best instead of following some single doctrine or style
On the contrary, ideologically, bebop was a strong statement of rejection of any kind of eclecticism, propelled by a desire to activate something deeply buried in self.
Crusader
a warrior who engages in a holy war
There were many new jazz compositions with African-related titles: "Black Nile" (Wayne Shorter), "Blue Nile" (Alice Coltrane), "Obirin African" (Art Blakey), "Zambia" (Lee Morgan), "Appointment in Ghana" (The Jazz Crusaders), "Marabi" (Cannonball Adderley), "Yoruba" (Hubert Laws), and many more.
reuse
use again after processing
New forms of chromaticism and dissonance were introduced into jazz; the dissonant tritone (or "flatted fifth") interval became the "most important interval of bebop" [ 112 ] Chord progressions for bebop tunes were often taken directly from popular swing-era songs and reused with a new and more complex melody, forming new compositions.
fuzz
filamentous hairlike growth on a plant
In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, "
fuzz" pedals , wah-wah pedals , and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands.
speakeasy
(during Prohibition) an illegal barroom
[ 93 ]
Prohibition in the United States (from 1920 to 1933) banned the sale of alcoholic drinks, resulting in illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes.
musical
characterized by vocal or instrumental sound
Jazz is a musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in black communities in the Southern United States .
nova
a star that ejects some of its material in the form of a cloud and become more luminous in the process
The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano , and its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova , modal jazz, and even free jazz.
brothel
a building where prostitutes are available
Black pianists played in bars, clubs, and brothels, as ragtime developed.
picayune
small and of little importance
[ 17 ] Its first documented use in a musical context in New Orleans appears in a November 14, 1916 Times-
Picayune article about "jas bands."
revivalist
a preacher of the Christian gospel
The second group of revivalists consisted of younger musicians, such as those in the Lu Watters band.
orchestra
a musical organization consisting of instrumentalists
In September 1917 Handy's Orchestra of Memphis recorded a cover version of "Livery Stable Blues."
reissue
print anew
This was driven in large part by record company reissues of early jazz classics by the Oliver, Morton, and Armstrong bands of the 1930s.
seminal
influential and providing a basis for later development
Small bands mixing self-taught and well educated African American musicians, many of whom came from the funeral-procession tradition of New Orleans , played a seminal role in the development and dissemination of early jazz, traveling throughout Black communities in the Deep South and, from around 1914 on, Afro-Creole and African American musicians playing in vaudeville shows took jazz to western and northern US cities.
banjo
a stringed instrument that has long neck and circular body
[ 49 ] [ 50 ]
Ragtime appeared as sheet music, popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer Ernest Hogan , whose hit songs appeared in 1895; two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley".
compose
form the substance of
His " Jelly Roll Blues ", which he composed around 1905, was published in 1915 as the first jazz arrangement in print, introducing more musicians to the New Orleans style.
acclaim
enthusiastic approval
He won acclaim as a member of the samba jazz pioneers Sambalanço Trio and for his landmark recording Quarteto Novo with Hermeto Pascoal in 1967.
purist
someone who insists on great precision and correctness
[ 156 ]
Although jazz purists protested the blend of jazz and rock, some of jazz's significant innovators crossed over from the contemporary hard bop scene into fusion.
structured
having a definite and highly organized system
Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition.
dissemination
the act of dispersing or diffusing something
Village Voice jazz critic Gary Giddins argues that as the creation and dissemination of jazz is becoming increasingly institutionalized and dominated by major entertainment firms, jazz is facing a "...perilous future of respectability and disinterested acceptance."
natural process
a process existing in or produced by nature
As Leonardo Acosta observes: "Afro-Cuban jazz developed simultaneously in New York and Havana, with the difference that in Cuba it was a silent and almost natural process, practically imperceptible" (2003: 59).
incorporated
formed or united into a whole
[ 1 ] From its early development until the present day jazz has also incorporated music from American popular music .
thematic
relating to or constituting a topic of discourse
Although it was a collective sound, swing also offered individual musicians a chance to 'solo' and improvise melodic, thematic solos which could at times be very complex and 'important' music.
stricture
a principle that restricts the extent of something
Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax in America: white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and black bandleaders white ones.
holler
call out loudly
A form of folk music which rose in part from work songs and field hollers of rural Blacks, early blues was also highly improvisational.
recorded
set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction
[ 49 ] [ 50 ]
Ragtime appeared as sheet music, popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer Ernest Hogan , whose hit songs appeared in 1895; two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley".
tempo
the speed at which a composition is to be played
[ 109 ]
Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it could use faster tempos.
Turpin
English highwayman (1706-1739)
[ 51 ] [ 52 ] Also in 1897, the white composer William H. Krell published his "Mississippi Rag" as the first written piano instrumental ragtime piece, and Tom Turpin published his Harlem Rag, that was the first rag published by an African-American.
stay put
stay put (in a certain place)
It won't stay put and it never will".
ensemble
an assemblage of parts considered as forming a whole
Other influential large ensembles included Fletcher Henderson 's band, Duke Ellington 's band (which opened an influential residency at the Cotton Club in 1927) in New York, and Earl Hines 's Band in Chicago (who opened in The Grand Terrace Cafe there in 1928).
contortion
a tortuous and twisted shape or position
Examples of this style include Lydia Lunch 's Queen of Siam , [ 171 ] the work of James Chance and the Contortions , who mixed Soul with free jazz and punk , [ 171 ] Gray, and the Lounge Lizards , [ 171 ] who were the first group to call themselves " punk jazz ".
slur
utter indistinctly
Handy wrote about his adopting of the blues:
"The primitive southern Negro, as he sang, was sure to bear down on the third and seventh tone of the scale, slurring between major and minor.
1980s
the decade from 1980 to 1989
The innovations of Palmieri, the Gonzalez brothers and others, led to an Afro-Cuban jazz Renaissance in New York City, and eventually, worldwide, during the 1980s.
jawbone
the jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth
As late as 1861, a traveler in North Carolina saw dancers dressed in costumes that included horned headdresses and cow tails and heard music provided by a sheepskin-covered "gumbo box," apparently a frame drum; triangles and jawbones furnished the auxiliary percussion.
repertoire
the range of skills in a particular field or occupation
Jazz arrangements with a "Latin" A section and a swung B section, with all choruses swung during solos, became common practice with many "Latin tunes" of the jazz standard repertoire.
idiom
expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from its words
[ 10 ] The avant-garde and free jazz idioms permit, even call for, abandoning chords, scales, and rhythmic meters.
word meaning
the accepted meaning of a word
[ 46 ] Comparing the music of New Orleans with the music of Cuba , Wynton Marsalis observes that tresillo is the New Orleans " clave ," a Spanish word meaning 'code,' or 'key'—as in the key to a puzzle, or mystery.
dance hall
large room used mainly for dancing
Belgian guitar virtuoso Django Reinhardt popularized gypsy jazz , a mix of 1930s American swing , French dance hall " musette " and Eastern European folk with a languid, seductive feel.
superimposed
placed on or over something else
"Tanga" began humbly, as a spontaneous descarga (Cuban jam session) with jazz solos superimposed on top.
ideologically
with respect to ideology
On the contrary, ideologically, bebop was a strong statement of rejection of any kind of eclecticism, propelled by a desire to activate something deeply buried in self.
archetypal
of an original pattern on which other things are modeled
The piece may be considered the '
archetypal rag' due to its influence on the genre; its structure was the basis for many other famous rags, including "Sensation" by Joseph Lamb .
Guru
each of the first ten leaders of the Sikh religion
Beginning in 1993, rapper Guru 's Jazzmatazz series used jazz musicians during the studio recordings.
propel
cause to move forward with force
[ 114 ] Samuel Floyd states that blues were both the bedrock and propelling force of bebop, bringing about three main developments:
While for an outside observer, the harmonic innovations in bebop would appear to be inspired by experiences in Western "serious" music, from Claude Debussy to Arnold Schoenberg , such a scheme cannot be sustained by the evidence from a cognitive approach.
composition
the way in which someone or something is put together
While in European classical music elements of interpretation, ornamentation and accompaniment are sometimes left to the performer's discretion, the performer's primary goal is to play a composition as it was written.
entrenchment
an entrenched fortification
The resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom with 1963's Getz/Gilberto , numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald ( Ella Abraça Jobim ) and Frank Sinatra ( Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim ) and the entrenchment of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the present.
cymbal
a percussion instrument consisting of a concave brass disk
Drumming shifted to a more elusive and explosive style, in which the ride cymbal was used to keep time while the snare and bass drum were used for accents.
boney
having bones especially many or prominent bones
Smooth jazz saxophonists include Grover Washington, Jr. , Kenny G , Kirk Whalum , Boney James and David Sanborn .
play off
set into opposition or rivalry
When we recorded In a Silent Way I just threw out all the chord sheets and told everyone to play off of that."
evangel
the four books in the New Testament (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings
[ 155 ] In a Silent Way featured contributions from musicians who would all go on to spread the fusion evangel with their own groups in the 1970s: Shorter, Hancock, Corea, pianist Josef Zawinul , John McLaughlin, Holland, and Williams.
ambivalence
mixed feelings or emotions
[ 165 ] In spite of the ambivalence by some members towards Irakere's Afro-Cuban folkloric/jazz fusion, their experiments forever changed jazz.
thesaurus
a book containing a classified list of synonyms
Coltrane studied Nicolas Slonimsky 's Thesaurus of Scales and Melodic Patterns .
tinge
color lightly
Jelly Roll Morton called the rhythmic figure the Spanish tinge , and considered it an essential ingredient of jazz.
Schoenberg
United States composer and musical theorist (born in Austria) who developed atonal composition (1874-1951)
[ 114 ] Samuel Floyd states that blues were both the bedrock and propelling force of bebop, bringing about three main developments:
While for an outside observer, the harmonic innovations in bebop would appear to be inspired by experiences in Western "serious" music, from Claude Debussy to Arnold Schoenberg , such a scheme cannot be sustained by the evidence from a cognitive approach.
time period
an amount of time
In this same time period Chaka Khan released Echoes of an Era , which featured Joe Henderson , Freddie Hubbard , Chick Corea , Stanley Clarke and Lenny White .
transcend
go beyond the scope or limits of
[ 105 ]
By the 1940s, Duke Ellington's music transcended the bounds of swing, bridging jazz and art music in a natural synthesis.
posthumously
after death
Though jazz rap had achieved little mainstream success, jazz legend Miles Davis ' final album (released posthumously in 1992), Doo-Bop , was based around hip hop beats and collaborations with producer Easy Mo Bee .
sonny
a male child (a familiar term of address to a boy)
Jazz-funk also draws influences from traditional African music, Afro-Cuban rhythms and Jamaican reggae , most notably Kingston band leader Sonny Bradshaw .
phrasing
the manner in which something is expressed in words
Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".
jelly
any substance having the consistency of jelly or gelatin
Jelly Roll Morton called the rhythmic figure the Spanish tinge , and considered it an essential ingredient of jazz.
petter
a lover who gently fondles and caresses the loved one
It ranges from combining live instrumentation with beats of jazz house , exemplified by St Germain , Jazzanova and Fila Brazillia , to more band-based improvised jazz with electronic elements such as that of The Cinematic Orchestra , Kobol , and the Norwegian "future jazz" style pioneered by Bugge Wesseltoft , Jaga Jazzist , Nils Petter Molvær , and others.
playing
the action of taking part in a game or sport or other recreation
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin ...
come alive
stop sleeping
characterize
be typical of
Jazz, on the other hand, is often characterized as the product of egalitarian creativity, interaction and collaboration, placing equal value on the contributions of composer (if there is one) and performer, 'adroitly weigh[ing] the respective claims of the composer and the improviser'.
binary
of or pertaining to a number system having 2 as its base
Music organized around key patterns convey a two-celled (
binary) structure, which is a complex level of African cross-rhythm .
prime mover
an agent that is the cause of all things but does not itself have a cause
[ 65 ]
The cornetist Buddy Bolden led a band often mentioned as one of the prime movers of the style later to be called "jazz".
identifiable
capable of being recognized
Generally, the term post-bop is taken to mean jazz from the mid-sixties onward that assimilates influence from hard bop , modal jazz , the avant-garde , and free jazz , without necessarily being immediately identifiable as any of the above.
dance
taking a series of rhythmical steps in time to music
Lavish festivals featuring African-based dances to drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo , or Congo Square , in New Orleans until 1843.
triplet
one of three siblings born at the same time
At the jazz end of the spectrum, jazz-funk characteristics include a departure from ternary rhythm (near-
triplet), i.e. the "swing", to the more danceable and unfamiliar binary rhythm, known as the " groove ".
scat
flee; take to one's heels; cut and run
After leaving Henderson's group, Armstrong formed his virtuosic Hot Five band, where he popularized scat singing .
vaudeville
a genre of variety show with songs, comic acts, etc.
Black musicians were able to provide "low-class" entertainment in dances, minstrel shows , and in vaudeville , by which many marching bands formed.
structure
a complex entity made of many parts
Early blues was commonly structured around a repetitive call-and-response pattern, a common element in the African American oral tradition.
coalesced
joined together into a whole
The hard bop style coalesced in 1953 and 1954, paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues.
tradition
a specific practice of long standing
It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions.
harmony
compatibility in opinion and action
Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with other musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies or time signature at will.
black art
the belief in magical spells that harness occult forces or evil spirits to produce unnatural effects in the world
There was a resurgence of interest in jazz and other forms of African American cultural expression during the Black Arts Movement and Black nationalist period of the 1960s and 1970s.
collective
done by or characteristic of individuals acting together
The original New Orleans style was polyphonic, with theme variation, and simultaneous collective improvisation.
showcase
a glass container used to store and display items
Jazz has been seen as a way to showcase contributions of African American to American society, to highlight black history and affirm black culture.
based
having a base
Lavish festivals featuring African-
based dances to drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo , or Congo Square , in New Orleans until 1843.
classically
in the manner of Greek and Roman culture
The classically trained pianist Scott Joplin and the acknowledged "king of ragtime" produced his "Original Rags" in the following year, then in 1899 had an international hit with " Maple Leaf Rag ".
mentally ill
suffering from severe mental illness
Bolden became mentally ill and spent his later decades in a mental institution.
idiosyncratic
peculiar to the individual
[ 5 ] Gilbert notes that as the notion of a canon of jazz is developing, the “achievements of the past” may become "...privileged over the idiosyncratic creativity...” and innovation of current artists.
West Africa
an area of western Africa between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea
The slaves largely came from West Africa and the greater Congo River basin.
West Coast
the western seaboard of the United States from Washington to southern California
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
promulgate
state or announce
In 1987, the US House of Representatives and Senate passed a bill proposed by Democratic Representative John Conyers, Jr. to define jazz as a unique form of American music stating, among other things, "...that jazz is hereby designated as a rare and valuable national American treasure to which we should devote our attention, support and resources to make certain it is preserved, understood and promulgated."
Sade
French soldier and writer whose descriptions of sexual perversion gave rise to the term `sadism' (1740-1814)
Smooth jazz received frequent airplay with more straight-ahead jazz in " quiet storm " time slots at radio stations in urban markets across the U.S., helping to establish or bolster the careers of vocalists including Al Jarreau , Anita Baker , Chaka Khan and Sade .
meter
a basic unit of length (approximately 1.094 yards)
[ 10 ] The avant-garde and free jazz idioms permit, even call for, abandoning chords, scales, and rhythmic meters.
analogue
something similar or equivalent to something else
A second characteristic of jazz-funk music is the use of electric instruments, and the first use of analogue electronic instruments notably by Herbie Hancock , whose jazz-funk period saw him surrounded on stage or in the studio by several Moog synthesizers .
gumbo
a soup or stew thickened with okra pods
As late as 1861, a traveler in North Carolina saw dancers dressed in costumes that included horned headdresses and cow tails and heard music provided by a sheepskin-covered "
gumbo box," apparently a frame drum; triangles and jawbones furnished the auxiliary percussion.
bagpipe
a tubular wind instrument
Musicians began improvising jazz tunes on unusual instruments, such as the jazz harp ( Alice Coltrane ), electrically amplified and wah-wah pedaled jazz violin ( Jean-Luc Ponty ), and even bagpipes ( Rufus Harley ).
dissonant
harmonically unresolved
New forms of chromaticism and dissonance were introduced into jazz; the dissonant tritone (or "flatted fifth") interval became the "most important interval of bebop" [ 112 ] Chord progressions for bebop tunes were often taken directly from popular swing-era songs and reused with a new and more complex melody, forming new compositions.
entertainer
a person who tries to please or amuse
[ 49 ] [ 50 ]
Ragtime appeared as sheet music, popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer Ernest Hogan , whose hit songs appeared in 1895; two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley".
infuse
fill, as with a certain quality
Bebop made use of several relatively common chord progressions, such as blues (at base, I-IV-V, but infused with II-V motion) and 'rhythm changes' (I-VI-II-V, the chords to the 1930s pop standard " I Got Rhythm ."
stodgy
excessively conventional and unimaginative and hence dull
According to Schuller, by comparison, the solos by Armstrong's bandmates (including a young Coleman Hawkins ), sounded "stiff, stodgy," with "jerky rhythms and a grey undistinguished tone quality."
Garnier
French architect (1825-1898)
The host of a progressive radio jazz program, Passport to Modern Jazz on KRVS-FM , D'Jalma Garnier , plays New Orleans jazz from all periods, as well as latest contemporary and avant-garde , like the Bulgarian wedding band Ivo Papasov that successfully fuses Bulgarian folk using the kaval with American free jazz instrumentation and riffs.
mid
used in combination to denote the middle
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
undocumented
lacking written authorization
[ 23 ] The origins of the blues are undocumented, though they can be seen as the secular counterpart of the spirituals.
foray into
enter someone else's territory and take spoils
On the Corner (1972) began Miles Davis 's foray into jazz-funk.
twentieth century
the century from 1901 to 2000
[ 16 ]
The origin of the word jazz has had wide spread interest – the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century — which has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented.
category
a general concept that marks divisions or coordinations
[ 5 ] Krin Gabbard states that “jazz is a construct” or category that, while artificial, still is useful to designate “a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition”.
date from
belong to an earlier time
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz ,...
Sinatra
United States singer and film actor (1915-1998)
The resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom with 1963's Getz/Gilberto , numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald ( Ella Abraça Jobim ) and Frank Sinatra ( Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim ) and the entrenchment of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the present.
footprint
a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface
The first jazz standard composed by a non-Latin to use an overt African 12/8 cross-rhythm was Wayne Shorter 's " Footprints " (1967).
combine
put or add together
In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment.
chick
young bird especially of domestic fowl
In Chick Corea 's original Return to Forever band, Airto was able to showcase his samba prowess on several percussion instruments , including drum kit .
Wayne
United States film actor who played tough heroes (1907-1979)
The genre's origins lie in seminal work by John Coltrane , Miles Davis , Bill Evans , Charles Mingus , Wayne Shorter and Herbie Hancock .
chamber music
serious music performed by a small group of musicians
The ECM record label began in Germany in the 1970s with artists including Keith Jarrett , Paul Bley , the Pat Metheny Group , Jan Garbarek , Ralph Towner , Kenny Wheeler , John Taylor , John Surman and Eberhard Weber , establishing a new chamber music aesthetic, featuring mainly acoustic instruments, and sometimes incorporating elements of world music and folk music .
electronic
relating to or operating by a controlled current
Although inspired by rock and funk, Davis's fusion creations were original, and brought about a type of new avant-garde, electronic, psychedelic-jazz, as far from pop music as any other Davis work.
Parker
United States saxophonist and leader of the bop style of jazz (1920-1955)
The most influential bebop musicians included saxophonist Charlie Parker , pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk , trumpeters Dizzy Gillespie and Clifford Brown , and drummer Max Roach .
methodology
the techniques followed in a particular discipline
To emphasise the group’s rejection of standard methodology, the album opened with the inscrutable avant-garde atmospheric piece “Milky Way” (created by Shorter’s extremely muted saxophone inducing vibrations in Zawinul’s piano strings while the latter pedalled the instrument).
participant
someone who is involved in an activity
In the 1990s most participants of the M-Base movement turned to more conventional music but Steve Coleman , the most active participant, continued developing his music in accordance with the M-Base concept.
feature
a prominent attribute or aspect of something
These features are fundamental to the nature of jazz.
emerge
come out into view, as from concealment
Outside of the United States the beginnings of a distinct European style of jazz emerged in France with the Quintette du Hot Club de France which began in 1934.
memorize
learn by heart
By the swing era, big bands were coming to rely more on arranged music: arrangements were either written or learned by ear and memorized—many early jazz performers could not read music.
complexity
the quality of being intricate and compounded
The blues were the key that opened up an entirely new approach to Western harmony, ultimately leading to a high level of harmonic complexity in jazz.
texture
the feel of a surface or a fabric
In a way, this polyphonic texture is reminiscent of the original New Orleans style of jazz.
Funk
United States biochemist (born in Poland) who showed that several diseases were caused by dietary deficiencies and who coined the term `vitamin' for the chemicals involved (1884-1967)
The integration of Funk , Soul and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals.
date back
belong to an earlier time
[ 34 ] Palmer observes: "The snare and bass drummers played syncopated cross-rhythms ," and speculates—"this tradition must have dated back to the latter half of the nineteenth century, and it could have not have developed in the first place if there hadn't been a reservoir of polyrhythmic sophistication in the culture it nurtured."
Memphis
largest city of Tennessee
[ 62 ] Handy's "St. Louis Blues" and " Memphis Blues " (1912) are jazz standards .
virtuoso
someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field
[ 102 ]
The 1930s belonged to popular swing big bands , in which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as the band leaders.
tenor
the adult male singing voice above baritone
Kansas City Jazz in the 1930s as exemplified by tenor saxophonist Lester Young marked the transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s.
song
a short musical composition with words
A form of folk music which rose in part from work songs and field hollers of rural Blacks, early blues was also highly improvisational.
sub
a submersible warship usually armed with torpedoes
[ 18 ]
By 1808 the Atlantic slave trade had brought almost half a million Sub-Saharan Africans to the United States.
evocative
serving to bring to mind
Besides energetic rhythmic textures, Airto added percussion color, using bells, shakers, and whistles to create evocative textures of timbre.
bear down
exert a force with a heavy weight
Handy wrote about his adopting of the blues:
"The primitive southern Negro, as he sang, was sure to bear down on the third and seventh tone of the scale, slurring between major and minor.
context
the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation
Later styles of jazz such as modal jazz abandoned the strict notion of a chord progression , allowing the individual musicians to improvise even more freely within the context of a given scale or mode.
mix
mix together different elements
It was born out of a mix of African and European music traditions.
funky
(of music) having the soulful feeling of early blues
Horace Silver had a large influence on the soul jazz style, with songs that used funky and often gospel -based piano vamps .
spontaneity
the quality of coming from feelings without constraint
Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".
rock band
a band of musicians who play rock'n'roll music
In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, "fuzz" pedals , wah-wah pedals , and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands.
refreshingly
in a pleasantly novel manner
Weather Report 's subsequent releases were refreshingly creative funk-jazz works.
quintet
a musical composition for five performers
The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers , fronted by Blakey and featuring pianist Horace Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown , were leaders in the hard bop movement along with Davis.
piano
a keyboard instrument that is played by depressing keys that cause hammers to strike tuned strings and produce sounds
[ 25 ] In the mid-1800s the white New Orleans composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk adapted slave rhythms and melodies from Cuba and other Caribbean islands, into piano salon music.
technique
a practical method or art applied to some particular task
[ 71 ] Swing is the most important, and enduring African-based rhythmic technique used in jazz.
interplay
the way in which two things mutually affect one another
This type of African-based rhythmic interplay between the two pulse (subdivision) structures, was explored in the 1940s by Machito 's Afro-Cubans , but "Footprints" is not a Latin jazz tune; Cuban music is not serving as the conduit to African rhythmic structures.
tin can
airtight sealed metal container for food or drink or paint etc.
Anthropologist David Evans did extensive fieldwork in the hill country of northern Mississippi, and reports of black families playing polyrhythmic music in their homes on chairs, tin cans, and empty bottles.
amplification
addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail
In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, "fuzz" pedals , wah-wah pedals , and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands.
invert
turn inside out or upside down
When John Coltrane covered "Afro Blue" in 1963, he inverted the metric hierarchy, interpreting the tune as a 3/4 jazz waltz with duple cross-beats superimposed (2:3).
thrash
give a beating to
[ 172 ] The same year, Sonny Sharrock , Peter Brötzmann , Bill Laswell, and Ronald Shannon Jackson recorded the first album under the name Last Exit, a similarly aggressive blend of thrash and free jazz.
rock
material consisting of the aggregate of minerals
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin ...
explore
travel to or penetrate into
Gene Johnson – alto, Brew Moore – tenor; the first band to explore modal harmony (a concept explored much later by Miles Davis and Gil Evans ) from a jazz arranging perspective.
linear
involving a single dimension
This led to a highly syncopated, linear rhythmic complexity.
metric
based on a decimal unit of measurement
[ 19 ] The rhythms had a counter-
metric structure, and reflected African speech patterns.
take turns
do something in turns
[ 9 ] In New Orleans and Dixieland jazz, performers took turns playing the melody, while others improvised countermelodies .
Gershwin
United States lyricist who frequently collaborated with his brother George Gershwin (1896-1983)
In 1924 Whiteman commissioned Gershwin 's Rhapsody in Blue , which was premiered by Whiteman's Orchestra.
Evans
United States anatomist who identified four pituitary hormones and discovered vitamin E (1882-1971)
Anthropologist David Evans did extensive fieldwork in the hill country of northern Mississippi, and reports of black families playing polyrhythmic music in their homes on chairs, tin cans, and empty bottles.
Cuba
the largest island in the West Indies
[ 25 ] In the mid-1800s the white New Orleans composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk adapted slave rhythms and melodies from Cuba and other Caribbean islands, into piano salon music.
long-lived
existing for a long time
Instead, I argue that smooth jazz is a long-lived musical style that merits multi-disciplinary analyses of its origins, critical dialogues, performance practice, and reception.
debut
the act of beginning something new
Their debut record of that year Emergency! is also cited as one of the early acclaimed fusion albums.
pioneer
one the first colonists or settlers in a new territory
Some music researchers hold that it was Philadelphia's Eddie Lang and Joe Venuti who pioneered the guitar-violin partnership typical of the genre, [ 104 ] which was brought to France after they had been heard live or on Okeh Records in the late 1920s.
utilize
put into service
[ 119 ]
Bobby Sanabria cites several innovations of Machito's Afro-Cubans—they were the first band to successfully wed big band jazz arranging techniques within an original composition, with jazz oriented soloists utilizing an authentic Afro-Cuban based rhythm section in a successful manner. e.g.
simplification
the act of reducing complexity
Superimposing the pentatonic scale over "Giant Steps" is not merely a matter of harmonic simplification, but also a sort of "Africanizing" of the piece, which provides an alternate approach for soloing.
combining
the act of combining things to form a new whole
In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment.
snare
a trap for birds or small mammals; often has a slip noose
[ 32 ] See: The Ringshout and the Birth of African-American Religion
Two decades after drumming was banned in Congo Square, in the post-Civil War period (after 1865), African Americans were able to obtain surplus military bass drums, snare drums and fifes.
rap
strike sharply
[ 2 ]
As the music has developed and spread around the world it has drawn on many different national, regional and local musical cultures giving rise, since its early 20th century American beginnings, to many distinctive styles: New Orleans jazz dating from the early 1910s, big band swing , Kansas City jazz and Gypsy jazz from the 1930s and 1940s, bebop from the mid-1940s and on down through West Coast jazz , cool jazz , avant-garde jazz , Afro-Cuban jazz , modal jazz , free jazz , Latin ...
incubator
apparatus consisting of a box designed to maintain a constant temperature by the use of a thermostat; used for chicks or premature infants
People talk about the Hines band being 'the incubator of bop' and the leading exponents of that music ended up in the Hines band.
headdress
clothing for the head
As late as 1861, a traveler in North Carolina saw dancers dressed in costumes that included horned headdresses and cow tails and heard music provided by a sheepskin-covered "gumbo box," apparently a frame drum; triangles and jawbones furnished the auxiliary percussion.
chromatic
being, having, or characterized by color
Bebop scales are traditional scales, with an added chromatic passing note.
Chihuahua
a state in northern Mexico; mostly high plateau
Accompanied by Paul Chambers on bass, and the Latin percussionists Willie Bobo and Osvaldo Martinez "
Chihuahua," Hancock's pattern of attack-points, rather than the pattern of pitches, is the primary focus of his improvisations.
Frank Sinatra
United States singer and film actor (1915-1998)
The resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom with 1963's Getz/Gilberto , numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald ( Ella Abraça Jobim ) and Frank Sinatra ( Francis Albert Sinatra & Antônio Carlos Jobim ) and the entrenchment of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the present.
Wheeler
Scottish archaeologist (1890-1976)
A distinctive European contemporary jazz (often incorporating elements of free jazz but not limited to it) flourished also because of the emergence of musicians (such as John Surman , Zbigniew Namyslowski , Albert Mangelsdorff , Kenny Wheeler and Mike Westbrook ) anxious to develop new approaches reflecting their national and regional musical cultures and contexts.
collaborate
work together on a common enterprise or project
Gang Starr also collaborated with Branford Marsalis and Terence Blanchard .Groups making up the collective known as the Native Tongues Posse tended towards jazzy releases; these include the Jungle Brothers ' debut Straight Out the Jungle (Warlock, 1988) and A Tribe Called Quest 's People's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm ( Jive , 1990) and The Low End Theory (Jive, 1991).
soprano
the highest female voice; the voice of a boy before puberty
In the studio, he all but abandoned his soprano to concentrate on the tenor saxophone.
perform
get done
Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through the confrontation of blacks with European music"; he argues that jazz differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time, defined as ' swing '", "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role"; and "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".
element
a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances
[ 6 ]
While jazz may be difficult to define, improvisation is clearly one of its key elements.
pulse
the rhythmic contraction and expansion of arteries
Tresillo is the most basic and by far, the most prevalent duple-
pulse rhythmic cell in sub-Saharan African music traditions , and the music of the African Diaspora .
Starr
rock star and drummer for the Beatles (born in 1940)
In 1988, Gang Starr released the debut single "Words I Manifest", sampling Dizzy Gillespie 's 1962 "Night in Tunisia", and Stetsasonic released "Talkin' All That Jazz", sampling Lonnie Liston Smith .
complex
complicated in structure
One aspect of swing, which is heard in more rhythmically complex Diaspora musics, places strokes in-between the triple and duple-pulse “grids.”
organist
a person who plays an organ
Important soul jazz organists included Jimmy McGriff and Jimmy Smith and Johnny Hammond Smith , and influential tenor saxophone players included Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and Stanley Turrentine .
orchestrated
arranged for performance by an orchestra
[ 12 ] Some critics have even stated that Ellington's music was not jazz because it was arranged and orchestrated.
Cherokee
a member of an Iroquoian people formerly living in the Appalachian Mountains but now chiefly in Oklahoma
The harmonic development in bebop, is often traced back to a transcendent moment experienced by Charlie Parker while performing "
Cherokee" at Clark Monroe's Uptown House, New York, in early 1942.
flatten
make flat or flatter
The blue notes that, for expressive purposes are sung or played flattened or gradually bent (minor 3rd to major 3rd) in relation to the pitch of the major scale , are also an important part of the sound.
release
grant freedom to; free from confinement
[ 76 ]
The Original Dixieland Jass Band made the music's first recordings early in 1917, and their " Livery Stable Blues " became the earliest released jazz record .
new wave
any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts)
The first Cuban band of this new wave was Irakere (1973).
Cassandra
(Greek mythology) a prophetess in Troy during the Trojan War whose predictions were true but were never believed
A number of new vocalists have achieved popularity with a mix of traditional jazz and pop/rock forms, such as Diana Krall , Norah Jones , Cassandra Wilson , Kurt Elling and Jamie Cullum .
segregation
the act of keeping apart
Although strict segregation limited employment opportunities for most blacks, many were able to find work in entertainment.
Jamaican
of or relating to Jamaica or to its inhabitants
Jazz-funk also draws influences from traditional African music, Afro-Cuban rhythms and Jamaican reggae , most notably Kingston band leader Sonny Bradshaw .
arrangement
an orderly grouping considered as a unit
By the swing era, big bands were coming to rely more on arranged music: arrangements were either written or learned by ear and memorized—many early jazz performers could not read music.
take root
become settled or established and stable in one's residence or life style
[ 42 ]
Musicians from Havana and New Orleans would take the twice-daily ferry between both cities to perform and not surprisingly, the habanera quickly took root in the musically fertile Crescent City.
American
of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture
[ 1 ] From its early development until the present day jazz has also incorporated music from American popular music .
spectrum
a broad range of related objects, values, or qualities
The integration of Funk , Soul and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals.
rhymed
having corresponding sounds especially terminal sounds
Blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre [ 57 ] that originated in African-American communities of primarily the " Deep South " of the United States at the end of the 19th century from spirituals , work songs , field hollers , shouts and chants , and rhymed simple narrative ballads .
villager
one who has lived in a village most of their life
For instance, villagers used pots and pans in Siberia to scare off bears, and the newspaper stated that it was jazz that scared the bears away.
