Which peer status includes children who are both actively liked and actively disliked by peers?

_______ are children who share the same age or maturity level. They fill a unique role in the child’s development. One of their most important functions is to provide a source of informa-tion and comparison about the world outside the family.

Around the age of 3, children already prefer to spend time with ___-____ rather than ____ -______ playmates, and this preference increases in early childhood.

Also remember from Chapter 8 that one of the most consistent findings of attachment research involving adolescents is that secure attachment to parents is linked to ______ peer relations

Possible influences of social cognition include children’s:

perspective-taking ability, social information-processing skills, social knowledge, and emotional regulation.

Peer relations researcher Kenneth Dodge (1993) argues that children go through five steps in processing information about their social world:

decoding social cues, interpreting, searching for a response, selecting an optimal response, and enacting it.

Dodge has found that aggressive boys are more likely to perceive another child’s actions as _______ when the child’s intention is ambiguous—and when aggressive boys search for clues to determine a peer’s intention, they respond more rapidly, less efficiently, and less reflectively than nonaggressive children.

Developmentalists have distinguished five peer statuses:

popular, average, neglected, rejected, controversial

_______ ______ are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers. They have a number of social skills that contribute to their being well liked. They give out reinforcements, listen carefully, main-tain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.

________ _______ receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

______ _______ are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers. They engage in low rates of interaction with their peers and are often
described as shy by peers.

______ _____ are rarely nominated as someone’s best friend and are actively disliked by their peers. They often have more serious adjustment problems than those who are neglected. One study evaluated 112 boys over a period of seven years from fifth grade until the end of high school. The best predictor of whether these children would engage in delinquent behavior or drop out of school later during adolescence was aggression toward peers in elementary school. One study revealed that over the course of elementary school, during periods of peer rejection children were less likely to engage in classroom participation, but during times when they were not rejected, they participated more in class

_______ _______ are frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked

An analysis by John Coie provided three reasons why aggressive peer-rejected boys have problems in social relationships:

1) impulsive and have trouble sustaining attention2) more emotionally reactive

3) fewer social skills

______ ______ _____ are at the root of children being rejected by their peers.

What characterizes how bullying behaviour develops?

Bullies report that their parents tend to be authoritarian, physically punish them, lack warmth, and show indifference to their children (Espelage & Holt, 2012). Bullies often display anger and hostility, and in many cases are morally disengage

Who is likely to be bullied?

boys and younger middle school students were most likely to be affected . Researchers have found that anxious, socially withdrawn, and aggressive children are often the victims of bullying

What are the outcomes of bullying?

Researchers have found that children who are bullied
are more likely to experience depression, to engage in suicidal ideation, and to attempt suicide than their counterparts who have not been the victims of bullying

To reduce bullying, schools can adopt
the following strategies :

get older peers to servce as monitors; develop rules and sanctions against bullying; form friendship groups for those bullied; anti bullying campaigns; parental reinforcement of postiive peer relations; social skills training for bullies; Encourage parents to contact the school’s psychologist, counselor, or social worker and ask for help with concerns involving bullying or victimization

________ are highly aggressive toward other children but are not victims of bullying.

____-______ not only are highly aggressive toward other children but also are the recipients of other children’s bullying.

______ are passive, non-aggressive respondents to bullying

_______ ______ engage in such positive behaviors as sharing, helping, comforting, and empathizing.

The results of a study indicated that only bully-victims—but not ______ —were deficient in perspective taking.

_______ is a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake, and social play is just one type

Therapists use ______ ______ both to allow the child to work off frustrations and to analyze the child’s conflicts and ways of coping with them (Sanders, 2008). Children may feel less threatened and be more likely to express their true feelings in the context of play

Play also is an important context for cognitive development. Both Piaget and Vygotsky concluded that play is the child’s _____.

Vygotsky (1962) also considered play to be an excellent setting for cognitive development. He was especially interested in the _______ ___ ___-_____ aspects of play, as when a child substitutes a stick for a horse and rides the stick as if it were a horse.

symbolic and make-believe

Cognitive Theory
Vygotsky emphasized that children mainly develop their ways of thinking and under-standing through ______ _________

Among the most widely studied types of children’s play today are :

sensorimotor and practice play, pretense/symbolic play, social play, constructive play, and games

_______ ______ is behavior that allows infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes. The development of this follows Piaget’s description of sensorimotor thought, which we discussed in Chapter 6. Infants initially engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions during the second quarter of the first year of life. At 9 months of age, infants begin to select novel objects for exploration and play, especially those that are responsive, such as toys that make noise or bounce. At 12 months of age, infants enjoy making things work and exploring cause and eff ect.

______ _____ involves repeating behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports. Sensorimotor play, which often involves practice play, is primarily confined to infancy, whereas this type can be engaged in throughout life. During the preschool years, children often engage in play that involves practicing various skills. Although this type of play declines during the elementary school years, activities such as running, jumping, sliding, twirling, and throwing balls or other objects are frequently observed on the playgrounds at elementary schools.

Play that occurs when a child transforms the physical environment into a symbol. They learn to transform objects, substituting them for other objects and acting toward them as if they were those other objects (Smith, 2007). For example, a preschool child treats a table as if it were a car and says, “I’m fixing the car,” as he grabs a leg of the table.

______ ____ is play that involves interaction with peers. It increases dramatically during the preschool years and includes varied interchanges such as turn taking, conversations about numerous topics, social games and routines, and physical play (Sumaroka & Bornstein, 2008). It often evokes a high degree of pleasure on the part of the participants

_________ _____ combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation of ideas. It occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution. It increases in the preschool years as symbolic play increases and sensorimotor play decreases. During the preschool years, some practice play is replaced by this. For example, instead of moving their fingers around and around in finger paint (practice play), children are more likely to draw the outline of a house or a person in the paint (________ ______).

_______ are activities that are engaged in for pleasure and are governed by rules. Often they involve competition between two or more individuals. Preschool children may begin to participate in social _____ ____ that involves simple rules of reciprocity and turn taking. However these take on a much more prominent role in the lives of elementary school children. In one study, the highest incidence of _____ playing occurred between 10 and 12 years of age (Eiferman, 1971). After age 12, they decline in popularity

Among the socioemotional experiences and development they believe play promotes are:

enjoyment, relaxation, and self-expression; cooperation, sharing, and turn-taking; anxiety reduction; and self-confidence.

Among the cognitive benefits of play they described are:

creative; abstract thinking; imagination; attention, concentration, and persistence; problem-solving; social cognition, empathy, and perspective taking; language; and mastering new concepts.

Friendships serve six functions :

Companionship; stimulation; physical support; ego support; social comparison; intimacy/affection

Similarity is referred to as ______, the tendency to associate with similar others

The most consistent finding in the last two decades of research on adolescent friendships is that ______ is an important feature of friendship (Berndt & Perry, 1990). In most research studies, ________ __ _____ is defined narrowly as self-disclosure or sharing of private thoughts; private or personal knowledge about a friend has been used as an index of intimacy.

intimacy; intimacy in friendship

Recent research indicates that relational aggression occurs more often in _____ than _____ in adolescence but not in childhood.

Small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 or 6 individuals. They can form because of friendship or because individuals engage in similar activities, and members usually are of the same sex and about the same age.

The ______ is a larger group structure than a clique. Adolescents usually are members of a _____ based on reputation and may or may not spend much time together. Many _____ are defined by the activities in which adolescents engage.