Theorists consider that emotional, social, cognitive and moral skills develop in stages. Stage Erikson Freud Piaget Kohlberg Infancy (birth to 1 year) Trust vs. mistrust Oral Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years) Toddlerhood (1-3 years old) Autonomy vs. same and doubt Anal Sensorimotor (1-2 years); preoperational (preconceptual) (2-4 years) Preconventional Preschool (3-6 years old) Initiative vs. guilt Phallic Preoperational (preconceptual) (2-4 years); preoperational (intuitive) (4-7 years) Preconventional School Age (6-12 years) Industry vs. inferiority Latency Concrete operations (7-11 years) Conventional Adolescence (12-18 years) Identity vs. role diffusion (confusion) Genital Formal operations (11-15 years) Postconventional Source: Lippincott’s Review Series
Theories are:
Nursing theories are often based on & influenced by broadly applicable processes & theories. Following theories are basic to many nursing concepts. General System Theory
Adaptation Theory
Human adaptation occurs on three levels :
Developmental Theory
Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence & determine nursing practice are:
Each of these concepts is usually defined & described by a nursing theorist, often uniquely; although these concepts are common to all nursing theories. Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or theory, is the person.
A. Depending On Function (Polit et al 2001)
B. Depending on the Generalisability of their principles
C. Principles of the discipline can be identified.
D. Based on the philosophical underpinnings of the theories
1. “Needs” theories
2.“Interaction” theories
3. “Outcome” theories"
4. “Humanistic” Theories
This page was last updated on: 26/11/2020 |