Experiments also can be classified by setting. Field experiments and laboratory experiments share the properties of control, randomization, and manipulation and involve the same design characteristics but are conducted in different environments. Laboratory experiments take place in an artificial setting created specifically for the purpose of research. In the laboratory, the researcher has almost total control over the features of the environment, such as temperature, humidity, noise level, and participant conditions. Conversely, field experiments are exactly what the name implies: experiments that take place in a real, pre-existing social setting, such as a hospital or clinic, where the phenomenon of interest usually occurs. Show Pre-experimental designs follow similar experimental steps but do not include a control or comparison group. There is only a single group, with no comparison with an equivalent or nonequivalent nontreatment group. Examples are the one-group pretest-posttest (O1 → X → O2) and the one-group posttest-only (X → O1) designs, where X is the treatment or intervention, and O is the data-collection points. In the one-group pretest-posttest design, data are collected before and after an experimental treatment on this one group of participants. In this type of design, the participants act as their own controls, and no randomization occurs. Because controls and randomization are important characteristics that enhance the internal validity of the study, the evidence generated by the findings of this type of pre-experimental design needs to be interpreted with careful consideration of the design limitations. The advantage of these designs is that they can be used to evaluate treatments, ruling out ineffective treatments before large-scale experimental or quasiexperimental studies are initiated. The disadvantage of this design is that without a control or comparison group, it is difficult to make any conclusions as to whether the treatment, (X) really caused the outcomes or changes. various designs for research studies differ in the amount of control the researcher has over the antecedent and intervening variables that may affect the results of the study. True experimental designs, which yield level II evidence, offer the most possibility for control, whereas nonexperimental Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants: 1) can be determined by examining the pertinent legal documents 2) must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution 3) depends on whether or not any experimentation is involved 4) depends on the researcher's definition of harm 2 Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge? 1) Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world. 2) A systematic approach allows people to logically discuss philosophical questions in debate. 3) Observations provide everyone the chance to engage in science and form impressions. 4) A systematic approach allows theories to converge to produce singular, coherent hypotheses. 1 Informed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states: 1) the purpose of the study 2) that the subject may end participation at any time 3) the probable risks involved 4) all of the above 4 ____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time. 1) Confidential security 2) Informed consent 3) Privacy notice 4) Forced agreement 2 One of the ethical guidelines researchers abide by is ensuring __________, or agreeing that an individual's data should not be made public without consent from the individual. 1) Informed consent 2) Privacy 3) Anonymity 4) Confidentiality 4 Jasmeet is interested in
conducting an experiment in which she manipulates the amount of food she gives her Siamese fighting fish. She ensures that the size of the fish tank is identical for each fish, and that fish are assigned into groups randomly. What aspect of this experiment has Jasmeet not worked out? 1) independent variables 2) confounding variables 3) dependent variables 4) sampling bias 3 Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The independent variable in this hypothesis is: 1) students 2) exam performance 3) number of hours studied 4) method of studying (spaced or cramming) 4 (dependent 2) Evidence
reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate? 1) that television watching causes hyperactivity 2) that hyperactive children watch television 3) that parents of hyperactive children rely on television as a means of managing hyperactivity 4) that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity 4 Using an experimental research design, researchers manipulate the ________ variable and measure the ________ variable. 1) dependent, independent 2) dependent, correlational 3) independent, dependent 4) independent, correlational 3 One
reason for using random assignment is: 1) to make sure that participants follow the rules of the study 2) to help ensure that participant characteristics don't become confounding variables 3) to give the experimenter control so that he/she can find significant results 4) it is a required component of all psychology studies 2 For your
senior project, you want to learn more about the effect of brain damage on an individual's ability to learn a new language. You don't really have the time or resources to observe or interview and talk to people with brain damage. Ethically, you can't manipulate the independent variable. You need something that is quick and easy so you can turn your project in on time. Based on what you know about different research methods and designs, which approach to research would you use? 1) experiment 2) naturalistic observations 3) survey 4) case study 3 When researchers collect in-the-moment (or, close-to-the-moment) self-report data directly from participants as they go about their daily lives, they are: 1) studying daily experiences 2) studying daily behavior 3) studying daily physiology 4) studying online behavior 1 As a researcher, you decide that you are very interested in peoples' everyday behavior (i.e., daily social interactions and activities). Therefore, you decide to use an electronically activated recorder, or EAR device, to capture the acoustic diary of participants' days as they naturally unfold. In this scenario, you are: 1) studying daily experiences 2) studying daily behavior 3) studying daily physiology 4) studying online behavior 2 What is the advantage of a field study over a laboratory study? 1) increased internal validity 2) increased external validity 3) increased reliability 4) increased cause and effect 2 When researchers take special care to include and control for every possible variable, the study is likely to have high ___________, even though the results may not generalize to a more realistic situation. 1) internal validity 2) external validity 3) concurrent validity 4) experimental validity 1 Which of the following is the correct method for calculating a margin of error in research? 1) divide 1 by the square root of the sample size 2) add all of the scores together and divide by the sample size 3) determine the score that appeared with the greatest frequency in the data set 4) determine each data point's distance from the arithmetic mean ,and take the average of those scores. 1 Dr. Waehner is studying the relationship between sensation seeking behaviors and personality traits in college females. He finds that there is a relationship between these two variables, and that the relationship is significant. If he is using a typical cutoff to make that determination, then his study would have a p-value around ________ or less. 1) .05 2) .08 3) .10 4) .15 1 A larger group of individuals to whom we would like to generalize our research findings is called a(n) ________. 1) population 2) sample 3) control group 4) experimental group not 3 4 Why is it important to use
random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study? 1) Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants. 2) Without random assignment, there is no way to conduct statistical analyses of the data that are collected. 3) Because there is no form of research that can be conducted without using random assignment. 4) Random assignment eliminates variability from research. 1 Using some probability based method of dividing a sample of research participants into different treatment groups is called ________. 1) random assignment 2) out-group stratification 3) random sampling 4) in-group stratification 1 Why did Nobel Prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman call on social psychologists to "clean up their act"? 1) He was concerned about cases of social psychological researchers falsifying their data. 2) He was concerned about failures to replicate published social psychological research. 3) He was concerned that social psychological researchers used too much deception. 4) He was concerned that social psychological researchers were treating their participants unethically. 2 Imagine that you are a psychological researcher looking for your next research project and having a hard time coming up with an original idea. Which of the following might be a good option for your next study? 1) conduct a conceptual replication of a published study 2) conduct an exact replication of a published study 3) conduct a conceptual replication of a published non-replication 4) conduct an exact replication of a published non-replication 2, not 1 What would a researcher attempting to conduct an exact replication of a past study do? 1) The researcher would go to the lab where the original research was conducted and re-run the original study using identical materials and the same participants. 2) The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants. 3) The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way. 4) The researcher would re-analyze the data collected in the original study to determine whether the results were the same. not 1,2 What is the definition of replication? 1) repeating research to determine whether findings are consistent across time and situations 2) sharing findings with other scientists so they can comment on their validity 3) conducting research carefully by designing studies well and including a sufficient sample size 4) conducting multiple statistical tests on the same data to determine whether results are consistent 1 not 2 4 Why is falsifying data considered to be so ethically unacceptable within the field of psychology? 1) Psychological researchers' contracts specifically prohibit falsifying data so they are violating their contracts when they do so. 2) When psychological researchers falsify data, they intentionally misinform the public and damage the reputation of the field of psychology. 3) Psychological researchers who falsify data have an unfair advantage in getting their work published. 4) Colleges and Universities may be sued if their employees are found to have falsified the results of their research. 2 Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardians, while the children were taking a test in class? 1) privacy 2) confidentiality 3) observation 4) deception 1 What is one example of why researchers must take into consideration the benefits of their
research? 1) People will not want to participate if they don't benefit from the study. 2) A study without applicable benefits will not make a contribution to society. 3) A study should only be conducted if the study's benefits outweigh the risks. 4) A study with benefits will ensure that participants are compensated for their participation. 3 While
a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested. 1) hypothesis; theory 2) method; belief 3) theory; hypothesis 4) belief; method 3 Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over,
however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. This study is an example of research that used _________ in their methods to hide the true nature of the study. And we see that as a result, the researchers fully _________ participants afterwards. 1) deception; debriefed 2) debriefings; deceived 3) confidentiality; informed 4) informed consent; confided in 1 Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge? 1) Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world. 2) A systematic approach allows people to logically discuss philosophical questions in debate. 3) Observations provide everyone the chance to engage in science and form impressions. 4) A systematic approach allows theories to converge to produce singular, coherent hypotheses. 1 When a researcher accidentally influences how participants behave, this effect is referred to as: 1) experimenter expectations 2) placebo effect 3) random assignment 4) participant demand 1 A researcher would like to determine the effect of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to receive a caffeine pill or a sugar pill. Both groups complete a recall task that assesses their memory. However, even those who received the sugar pill had a small increase in memory. This is likely due to: 1) The placebo effect 2) The correlational approach to the study 3) The participants becoming smarter 4) The experimental effect 1 You want to study the effects of gender on math achievement. However, you know that you cannot randomly assign some people to male and others to be female, so you cannot have a true experiment. In this scenario, what type of research design would you use? 1) experiment 2) quasi-experiment 3) correlation 4) naturalistic observation 2 Researchers studied language development in the same group of children every year over a five year period. This research design is called: 1) cross-sectional 2) longitudinal 3) placebo-controlled 4) correlational 2 Evidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate? 1) that television watching causes hyperactivity 2) that hyperactive children watch television 3) that parents of hyperactive children rely on television as a means of managing hyperactivity 4) that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity 4 Dr. Fikshunal is interested in how our bodies respond to being excluded from a group. Therefore, she decides to monitor the heart rate and cortisol levels of participants as they engage in their environment and indicate experiences when they felt ostracized. In this scenario, Dr. Fikshunal
is: 1) studying daily experiences 2) studying daily behavior 3) studying daily physiology 4) studying online behavior 3 Imagine that researchers were interested in learning about public support for gay marriage. If the researchers analyzed Facebook posts regarding the acceptance or rejection of homosexuality (via opinions in status
updates, article posts, or groups they officially like), they would be: 1) studying daily experiences 2) studying daily behavior 3) studying daily physiology 4) studying online behavior 4 For your senior project, you want to learn more about the effect of brain damage on an individual's ability to learn a new language. You don't really
have the time or resources to observe or interview and talk to people with brain damage. Ethically, you can't manipulate the independent variable. You need something that is quick and easy so you can turn your project in on time. Based on what you know about different research methods and designs, which approach to research would you use? 1) experiment 2) naturalistic observations 3) survey 4) case study 3 Dr. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable.
What does this mean? 1) Her results may not be true for the entire population 2) She cannot prove causation 3) Her sample was not perfectly random 4) Her results were incorrect 1 The degree to which a study allows unambiguous causal inferences has ________. 1) internal validity 2) external validity 3) ecological validity 4) publishing potential 1 What is the most fundamental principle of statistics? 1) Data collected in a study will vary. 2) Any research question can be definitively answered. 3) There is no such thing as a true constant. 4) Studies that fail to confirm hypotheses are not valuable. 1 Which of the following procedures in research is the most important in allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn? 1) random assignment 2) random sampling 3) regression to the mean 4) analysis of variance 1 Dr. Ramsey conducts
research and draws a conclusion about the college athletes who participated in his study. He will now generalize from these research participants to the larger ________ of college athletes outside of his study. 1) population 2) control 3) sample 4) confound 1 If you read about a psychological finding in a textbook, can you know for sure
that it is accurate? 1) Yes, findings reported in psychology textbooks are based on published research and are therefore accurate. 2) No, textbook authors often misreport the results of past studies in order to manipulate their readers. 3) Yes, textbook editors remove any potentially inaccurate reports of findings before the textbooks are published. 4) No, you should only consider the finding accurate if it has been replicated. 4 not 1 3 What is sample size? 1) the number of participants in a study 2) the amount of a substance administered to participants in a study 3) the number of people in a specific demographic group 4) the ability of a study to detect reliable effects 1
What can psychological researchers do to help solve the replication crisis? 1) They can conduct research that tests intuitive theories. 2) They can change criteria for determining tenure and promotion. 3) They can conduct multiple conceptual replications of their own research. 4) They can avoid attempting to replicate earlier research that appears to be methodologically flawed.
3 not 1 4 What would a researcher attempting to conduct a conceptual replication of a past study do? 1) The researcher would go to the lab where the original research was conducted and re-run the original study using identical materials and the same participants. 2) The researcher would read the published article about the original research and use the same materials and procedures with new participants. 3) The researcher would read the published article about the original research and create new procedures and materials that test the same hypothesis in a somewhat different way. 4) The researcher would re-analyze the data collected in the original study to determine whether the results were the same. 3 When an exact replication does not find the same results as the
original research, what does it mean? 1) The original researchers falsified their data. 2) The replication researchers made an error in their replication. 3) Cultural and social norms have shifted. The results were accurate when the research was first conducted but people have changed since then. 4) It is difficult to determine because there are several potential causes of non-replication. 4 not 3 ____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time. 1) Confidential security 2) Informed consent 3) Privacy notice 4) Forced agreement 2 Confidentiality requires that: 1) it be impossible to connect data to individuals 2) all data be collected anonymously 3) access to collected data be limited to research staff 4) participants not be asked for personal information 3 What is one reason why scientific psychologists follow a specific set of guidelines to
help them make decisions when doing research? 1) To certify researcher's professional credentials as a researcher in the field of psychology. 2) To ensure that the topics of study are objective and in no way relate to researcher's own values. 3) To help researchers publish research findings that are of interest to the public. 4) To ensure they protect research participants from potential harm. 4 Informed consent to serve as a subject in research requires signing a document that states: 1) the purpose of the study 2) that the subject may end participation at any time 3) the probable risks involved 4) all of the above 4 Children's behavior on a playground is observed and later parents complete a
questionnaire regarding home behavior of these same children. This method would best be described as a: 1) descriptive design 2) correlational design 3) experimental design 4) longitudinal design 2 In order for researchers to be able to say that Variable A causes Variable B, they must eliminate the possible influence of
________. 1) correlational variables 2) independent variables 3) dependent variables 4) confounding variables 4 The degree to which a study ensures that potential findings apply to settings and samples other than the ones being studied refers to: 1) internal validity 2) external validity 3) ecological validity 4) publishing potential 2 The most accurate research method of determining whether caffeine supplements improve memory performance is: Question 6 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 3
An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug use and homelessness. This is an example of: Question 10 options: 1) 2) 3) 4)
1 What is the correct term for a pattern of variation that is noted in a given data set? Question 16 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 Which of the following is not an important component to keep in mind when conducting a statistical investigation? 1) Adjusting data to confirm the pre-study hypothesis. 2) Drawing conclusions based on the data that have been collected. 3) Examining the data to see what is important and what is revealed. 4) Planning out the study by asking a research question and deciding on how to collect data. 1 Whenever he travels to Denver for business meetings, Calvin notices
that he gets bad headaches that don't go away until he returns home to Toronto. He assumes that it is just the travel that causes his migraines, but he does not consider that the elevation change and atmospheric pressure might be at fault. Calvin is making incorrect ________ conclusions about his headaches. 1) cause-and-effect 2) statistical 3) practical 4) experimental 1 Kym has collected data from a large group of research participants and he is pleased that the statistical analysis seems to be confirming his original hypothesis. To be sure that his conclusions are accurate, he must calculate a ________. This is done by dividing 1 by the square root of his sample size. 1) margin of error 2) confidence interval 3) measure of central tendency 4) standard deviation 1 What is indicated by the p-value in a research study? 1) the probability of observing a particularly outcome in the study 2) the likelihood that the independent and dependent variables in an experiment have been confounded 3) the frequency with which two variables in a given study will co-occur 4) the likelihood that participants in a research study were randomly assigned to the various conditions of that study 1 Why is it important to use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study? 1) Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants. 2) Without random assignment, there is no way to conduct statistical analyses of the data that are collected. 3) Because there is no form of research that can be conducted without using random assignment. 4) Random assignment eliminates variability from research. 1 How have new resources such as the Center for Open Science and psychfiledrawer.org helped to solve the replication crisis? 1) They have introduced harsher punishments for researchers who are found to have falsified their results. 2) They have created outlets where the results of replication attempts can be made available. 3) They have paid researchers to attempt exact replications of published research. 4) They have created networks where researchers can exchange details of how their studies were conducted. 2 What is priming? 1) when a recent experience that an individual may or may not be aware of influences the individual's thoughts, feelings, or behavior 2) the process during which a person is assigned to the experimental condition or the control condition of an experiment 3) an instance when a study design is influenced by past research articles that the researcher has read 4) When an individual pretends to be a participant in a study when really they are helping the researcher 1 Imagine that you are part of a study that measures your heart rate and breathing throughout the day. For the most part, your heart rate and breathing only changes when you exercise or are very excited. However, it seems like every time you visit the researcher to get your equipment updated, your heart rate and
breathing spike for seemingly no reason. This phenomenon is referred to as: 1) the placebo effect 2) extraneous variables 3) white coat hypertension 4) participant demand effects 3 Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son's baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal? Question 17 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 When the findings in a research study are believed to be due to an actual phenomenon under investigation and not due to chance or random occurrence, this is called __________. Question 18 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 Why did Nobel Prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman call on social psychologists to "clean up their act"? Question 21 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 2 Imagine that you are a professional journalist and have been asked to write an article about a new psychological study. You really care about disseminating accurate information to the public. Before you publish your article, what should you do? Question 22 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 2 Why was Bem's (2011) study that showed that the future could influence the past published? Question 23 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 4 Should psychological researchers be penalized for non-replications of their published research? Question 25 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 2 Which of the following is an example of an empirical question that could be tested using systematic observation? 1) Are humans inherently good or bad? 2) Do native English-speaking Canadians take longer to learn Chinese or to learn Spanish? 3) What is the meaning of life? 4) Is Japanese a prettier language than German? 2 Among the examples below, the strongest correlation coefficient is: 1) +0.30 2) +0.05 3) +2.52 4) -0.90 4 Operational definitions are encouraged in research in order to: 1) make sure the research is publishable 2) increase the probability that experiments will succeed 3) make terms used in a study as explicit as possible 4) make psychological research more easily understood by laypersons 3 Which of the following is the correct method for calculating a margin of error in research? 1) divide 1 by the square root of the sample size 2) add all of the scores together and divide by the sample size 3) determine the score that appeared with the greatest frequency in the data set 4) determine each data point's distance from the arithmetic mean ,and take the average of those scores. 1 Dr. Stuart wants to study whether there is a relationship between the number of hours a high school senior
spends on social networking sites and their grade point average. He obviously cannot study every 12th grader, so instead he will select a smaller ________ of seniors to study. 1) sample 2) population 3) cross-section 4) confounding group 1 What was the overall percentage of findings that were successfully replicated by the Open Science
Collaboration in 2015? 1) 50% 2) 36% 3) 64% 4) 23% 2 A student conducts an exact replication of a published study for a research project for a class. Because he only has a few weeks to conduct the research, he is only able to get 10 participants. His research does not find the same results as the original study. What is the most likely
explanation of why? 1) The student researcher's sample size was too small. 2) The student researcher conducted his statistical analyses incorrectly. 3) The original researchers falsified their data. 4) The student researcher falsified his data. 1 Which of the following statements about research that primes intelligence by having
participants think about "professors" or "soccer hooligans" is the most correct? 1) Participants primed with professors scored higher on the trivia game. This suggests that priming has noticeable effects on intelligence. 2) Participants primed with professors scored higher on the trivia game. However, this research did not replicate so it is unlikely that this type of priming actually affects intelligence. 3) Participants primed with professors scored higher on the trivia game. However, no one has attempted to replicate this research. Until it is replicated, we should remain skeptical about whether intelligence can be primed. 4) Participants primed with professors scored higher on the trivia game. This effect has been consistently replicated with exact and conceptual replications. This suggests that priming has noticeable effects on intelligence. 2 Researchers find a correlation of +1.20 between coffee consumption and mental alertness. This indicates that: 1) drinking more coffee correlates with mental alertness 2) drinking less coffee correlates with mental alertness 3) there is a flaw in the computation of the correlation coefficient 4) these variables are causally related 3 In order to determine causal effects between variables researchers use: 1) correlation studies 2) case studies 3) true experiments 4) naturalistic observation 3 Which of the following is the strongest correlation coefficient? 1) 0.50 2) -0.92 3) -0.75 4) 0.75 2 Participants in a study on the effects of Viagra are assigned to groups. One group receives a sugar pill while the other group receives Viagra. The number of erections over 30 days is recorded by participants in a journal. In this example, what is the independent variable? 1) the participants 2) the Viagra 3) the number of erections 4) the journal 2 The likelihood that a research finding was due to random chance rather than being due to an actual observed change is called the __-value. 1) p 2) r 3) s 4) t 1 The numerical result computed from a sample (for
example, a mean or a proportion) is called a(n) ________. 1) statistic 2) inference. 3) validity rating 4) confidence interval 1 Dr. Parikh has conducted a study that involves gathering data about her students' performance on an exam. She observes that some students did very poorly, while other students made no errors at all. This
pattern of variation within her data set is referred to as the ________. 1) distribution 2) arithmetic mean 3) measure of central tendency 4) covariance 1 When Ashley conducts research and determines that the results are highly unlikely to have been due to random chance, she can state that her findings are ___________. 1) statistically significant. 2) practically significant. 3) efficacious. 4) high in external validity. 2 Imagine that there are several successful exact replications of a study. What does it mean? 1) It means that the theory that the study is based on is correct. 2) It means that the findings of the original study are generalizable. 3) It means that the hypothesis of the original research is correct. 4) It means that the findings of the original study are true. 4 A professor attends a student poster session and sees a poster that claims that 40% of college students use prescription or illegal drugs. I class that day she notices that some of her students have red eyes and seem
very sleepy. She decides that many of her students are probably on drugs. What concept does this example illustrate? 1) exact replication 2) conceptual replication 3) priming 4) confederate 3 not 2 What do reviewers primarily focus on in order to determine whether a study should be published? 1) They look for an intuitive theoretical basis for the research. 2) They look for novel, counter-intuitive findings. 3) They look for reasonable methodology and statistical evidence. 4) They look for authors of the paper who are well-known and well-respected in their fields of study. 3 How does the media contribute to the general public having inaccurate ideas about the results of
scientific research? 1) Major media outlets intentionally distort the results of research to support their own aims. 2) Media reports of research include so much detail that the general public can easily get confused about how the research was conducted and what it found. 3) Major media outlets tend to focus their stories on the research of very few famous researchers and ignore research conducted by newer researchers. 4) The media tend to disseminate stories of novel, interesting findings even if these findings have not yet been successfully replicated. 4 When Ashley conducts research and determines that the results are highly unlikely to have been due to random chance, she can state that her findings are ___________. 1) statistically significant. 2) practically significant. 3) efficacious. 4) high in external validity. 1 Blake is selected for a study on music preference and happiness. He thinks the experimenter's hypothesis is that people who listen to classical music are happier. As a result, Blake reports listening to classical music more often than he really does, as well as inflated scores on self-reported happiness. This is an example of: 1) experimenter expectations 2) placebo effect 3) random assignment 4) participant demand 4 An example of an operational definition for anxiety is a: 1) score on an anxiety questionnaire 2) person's description of anxiety 3) fear response 4) personality trait 1 Researchers manipulate or control variables in order to conduct: 1) naturalistic observation. 2) the double-blind procedure. 3) case studies. 4) a true experiment. 4 Dr. Sipps administers an intelligence test for his client, Mr. Robey, and determines that his IQ is
105. On the report of the test, he writes, "The client's intelligence quotient was found with 95% certainty to fall between 102 and 108." This range that allows for a variation within a statistic is called a _______. 1) confidence interval 2) distribution 3) margin of error 4) p-value 1 ________ sampling refers to a method to select a
subset of individuals for the sample from the population so that each has an equal chance of being assigned to the various study conditions. 1) Random 2) Convenience 3) Snowball 4) Stratified 1 The extent to which we can infer that findings with a sample will be true of the larger population from which it was drawn is referred to as
_________. 1) generalizability 2) internal validity 3) the outgroup homogeneity bias 4) interpersonal variation 1 not 3 Amanda and Toni work for a polling institute. They spend hours polling citizens about their positions on various political topics and then the results are compiled. The polling institute then assumes that the trends
they see in several hundred respondents apply to the larger population as a whole. This conclusion suggests that the findings are _________. 1) generalizable 2) valid 3) reliability 4) bimodal 1 Dr. No studies flirting by observing teenagers at the mall. She concludes that flirting happens with strangers more often than it happens with
friends. Dr. Yes evaluates these findings by observing the same set of behaviors with an adult sample at a local bar. Which of the following best describes Dr. Yes' research? 1) A collaboration across research laboratories 2) An exact replication of an earlier study 3) A conceptual replication of an earlier study 4) Competition across research laboratories 3 not 1 4 Yesica has found that that saying "Do you believe in love at first sight?" is a very effective way to get attractive strangers to give her their phone numbers. Her sister, Yaneli, decides to try it but instead says, "I lost my phone number. Can I have yours?" In terms of psychological research, what is Yaneli doing? 1) Yaneli is conducting a conceptual replication of Yesica's "study". 2) Yaneli is conducting an exact replication of Yesica's "study". 3) Yaneli is conducting a direct replication of Yesica's "study". 4) Yaneli is serving as Yesica's confederate. 1 Dr. Original conducts a study, finds significant results, and gets an article published. Dr. Copycat conducts the same study in her own lab using the same methodology and a matching sample of new participants. How would the field of
psychology view Dr. Copycat's research? 1) Her research would be viewed as plagiarism because she copied Dr. Original's study exactly. Dr. Copycat could never get her study results published and may get into trouble. 2) Dr. Copycat's work would not be considered plagiarism but would probably not get published because it would not be considered novel or original. 3) Dr. Copycat's work would be considered an exact replication of Dr. Original's research. It might be published in order to demonstrate whether Dr. Original's finding replicate. 4) Dr. Copycat's work would be considered a conceptual replication of Dr. Original's research. It might be published in order to demonstrate whether Dr. Original's finding replicate. 3 not 4 Given the current debates about health care and gun control, you are interested to know about people's political views. You decide to go to the mall and ask people their political affiliation as they walk by. This is an example of what type of research approach? Question 10 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 What would be the best method for studying the effect of listening to rap music on aggressive behavior? Question 8 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 4 Dalton is hired by a store to pretend to be a customer. When a real customer shows interest in watches or jewelry Dalton-who is browsing nearby-says "oh, that is really nice." The store owner finds this drives more sales. What is Dalton doing? Question 23 options: 1) 2) 3) 4) 3 What would be the best method for examining the relationship between age and driving behavior? 1) case study 2) naturalistic observation 3) correlational method 4) experimental method 3 Betty decided to conduct an experiment on the effectiveness of a new anti-anxiety pill. She decided that participants who had been diagnosed with anxiety would be in the treatment group and participants who had never been treated for anxiety would be the control group. Which aspect of proper research design did Betty ignore? 1) placebo effect 2) observational learning 3) random assignment 4) correlation does not imply causation 3 Why is random assignment critical for research studies?Random assignment enhances the internal validity of the study, because it ensures that there are no systematic differences between the participants in each group. This helps you conclude that the outcomes can be attributed to the independent variable.
What is random assignment Why is it important?Random assignment refers to the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group. Study participants are randomly assigned to different groups, such as the experimental group or treatment group.
Why is random assignment a critical feature of experimental design?Random assignment is important in experimental research because it helps to ensure that the experimental group and control group are comparable and that any differences between the experimental and control groups are due to random chance.
What is the purpose of random assignment in an experiment statistics?Random assignment of participants helps to ensure that any differences between and within the groups are not systematic at the outset of the experiment. Thus, any differences between groups recorded at the end of the experiment can be more confidently attributed to the experimental procedures or treatment.
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Why is random assignment critical for research studies Quizlet
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